 Intra-group differences in the experiences of Māori George Ann Gregory, Ph.D. University of Maryland University College Central New Mexico Community College Jeanette King, Ph.D. University of Canterbury

Locations where interviews were conducted

5 Metaphor Sets were analyzed JOURNEY/PATH SEA/WATER BATTLE TREASURE MUSIC Metaphor sets were analyzed across three comparisons. First/Second Language North Island/South Island Males/Females

JOURNEY/PATH 74 instances Number of speakers using this were almost equivalent for first (as children) and second (as adults): 14 for first, 16 for second. Second lg speakers used this metaphor slightly more frequenlty than first lg speakers. Males and females used this in equivalent amounts: 38 instances by males, 36 instances by females. North Islanders used these metaphors 2.5 times more frequently than South Islanders. Examples of metaphors in this set That’s my journey It’s not an easy path. On the same canoe We paddle our waka together.

Uses of Journey/Path metaphors in Māori culture Traditional Sources “And do not descend too near to the common places, Project your journey to Ngapunarua” He waiata oriori (a lullaby) “(His spirit) strives in vain to open up the pathway To the tasty tiotio loosened with the māpou” He tangi mō tāna tama (A lament for her son) “This then was your pathway” He tangi (A Lament) Contemporary Source Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu [Ngāi Tahu council] acted as the Kaihautū [leader]to steer his waka [canoe] through its journey to discovery. (from Ngāi Tahu website)

Metaphors in the Journey/Path set EXPERIENCES WITH THE LANGUAGE IS A JOURNEY LIFE IS A JOURNEY MĀORIDOM OR MĀORITANGA IS A JOURNEY

SEA/WATER 70 instances Those who learned Māori as adults used these almost 2 to 1 to those who learned Māori as children. Males used this metaphor 2.5 times more frequently than females. South Islanders used this metaphor 1.5 more frequently than North Islanders. Examples of metaphors from this set Growing up in the language You are surrounded by it. Dive into the deep language It will go in ebb and flows. It can stagnate. [rural areas] are the spring from which the culture emanates

Sources of SEA/WATER Metaphors from Māori Culture For your departure has caused the earth to tremble, And the tides of Waikato are on the ebb. He tangi mō te hiakai (A lament for Te Hiakai) Religious Ovetones to Water “What is there to do? Nought else but to be taken to the waters To remove the tapu, and thus set me free.” He waiata tangi ( A lament) “Thus bringing forth Hine-haehaemanga, Who giveth the water to sustain thee.” He oriori mō Te Ua-o-te-rangi (A lullabuy for Te Ua-o-te-rangi)

Metaphors in the SEA/WATER set LANGUAGE IS THE SEA (CONTAINER) LAND IS THE SOURCE (OF CULTURE)

BATTLE 61 instances Male and females used this metaphor in roughly equivalent amounts: 31 for males, 30 for females. North Islanders used this metaphor 1.33 more times than South Islanders. Those who learned Māori as adults used these 2.2 times more frequently than those who learned Māori as children. Examples of metaphors from this set I’ve drawn a line in the sand. It’s been a real hard battle. They had it beaten out of them. It’s an on-going struggle.

Sources for BATTLE metaphors in Māori culture Traditional “Thou comest unheralded upon Ahitawa, From a battle fought and lost.” He tangi (A lament) “A battlefield lay across your pathway” He tangi pouraru (A widow’s lament) Contemporary Maori battle for equal rights BBC World News Sept. 2, 1999 “A haka [war chant] was traditionally performed before charging into battle.” Newsfinder November 2, 2010

Metaphors in the BATTLE set LANGUAGE REVITALIZATION IS A BATTLE LANGUAGE LEARNING IS A BATTLE

TREASURE 17 instances Those who learned Māori as chldren used this metaphor 2.33 more frequently than those who learned Māori as adults. Males used this metaphor twice as frequently as females. North Islanders used this 2.33 more frequently than South Islanders Examples in this set It’s such an ancient thing. You should just treasure it. They [speakers] are treasures. Language as taonga [treasure]

Sources for TREASURE metaphors in Māori culture The primary source is taonga, which is translated as treasure. Treaty of Waitangi (1840) Guarantees protection of Māori taonga or cultural treasures. The 1987 Māori language act includes the Māori language as taonga. Contemporary …treasure them [Kāi Tahu waiata in their dialect) From a Kāi [Ngāi] Tahu web page.

Metaphors in TREASURE set LANGUAGE IS A TREASURE. LANGUAGE LEARNING IS A TREASURE. MĀORI SPEAKERS ARE A TREASURE.

MUSIC 14 instances There was no real difference in use between those who learned Māori as adults and those who learned Māori as children (8 and 6). North Islanders used this metaphor 6 times more frequently than South Islanders. Females used this metaphor 1.5 times more frequently than males. Examples in this set It can give you noise—happy. Language is a vibration of ourselves. It has musicality.

Sources for MUSIC metaphors from Māori culture From Interviews “My first introduction was from waiata or song.” The maximum of our exposure to the language would be in the school concerts, learning the waiata or our songs and action songs And was when we learnt a Māori song at school taught to us by the Pakeha teachers

Metaphors in MUSIC set MĀORI LANGUAGE IS MUSIC.

Conclusions The metaphors analyzed in this study have their roots in Māori language and culture. The findings are consistent with the previous work by King (2003, 2007) and Gregory (2010). The findings also confirm that culture and individual experience play important roles in choices of metaphors (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). Universal metaphors, such as LIFE IS A JOURNEY, do have a cultural component (Kövecses, 2005). Gender differences have not been previously explored.

Traditional Examples Ngata, Sir Apirana Ngā Mōteatea: The Songs, part 1. Auckland: Aukland University Press. Ngata, Sir Apirana Ngā Mōteatea: The Songs, part 2. Aukland: Aukland University Press. Contemporary Examples Ngāi Tahu Waiata. Retrieved 11/1/2010 from