Cell Energy & Enzymes Ch. 5.10 - 5.16, Ch. 6 & Ch. 7

Cells must create and/or Process Energy using chemical reactions. ENZYMES: CATALYST: a substance that causes a chemical reaction to ______________ The substance is not changed or used up.

What are enzymes? Most enzymes are ____________________ Act as a _____________ to accelerate reactions ______________________ changed in the process

Enzymes ___________ for what they catalyze Are _________ End in “_____”

How do enzymes work? Enzymes work by ______________________, which lowers the __________________________________ http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html

The Enzyme–Substrate Complex Joins

Active Site Active Site Enzyme Substrate

What affects enzyme activity? Three factors…

Environmental Conditions Extreme __________________ are the most dangerous _________ (most “like” _______________, near neutral) ____________________________ (_________________)

Cofactors & Coenzymes Example: ____________ must be present in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen.

2 types of enzyme inhibitors Competitive inhibitors: Enzyme Substrate Competitive inhibitor

2 types of enzyme inhibitors Non-competitive inhibitors: Enzyme Substrate Noncompetitive Inhibitor active site altered

Enzymatch.com Understanding the importance of finding your perfect lock or key! Enzymatch.com guarantees to speed up your match making experience!

Purpose of Enzymes: 1. (ex. synthesis of DNA) 2. (ex. digestion of foods) 3. Enzymes A Fun Introduction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4&feature=related

Anabolic Vs. Catabolic Example: Photosynthesis Example: Anabolic Reactions Catabolic Reactions Example: Photosynthesis Example: Cellular Respiration

Memory trick! A B C D

Examples of Enzymes Enzyme Name Job Lipase Breaks down lipids (fats) Peptidase Breaks down peptide ponds that hold amino acids together (proteins) Lactase Breaks down lactose found in dairy products Cellulase Breaks down cellulose found in cell walls Pectinase Breaks down pectin found in cell walls Polymerase Builds DNA and RNA

Lactose Lactose Intolerance Glucose + Galactose Monosaccharide Disaccharide www.unitedstreaming.com - “Lactose Intolerance” GHScardinal greenwich

CATALASE is an enzyme found in living things CATALASE is an enzyme found in living things. Its job is to break down the poison hydrogen peroxide. Substrate(s)? Enzyme? Reactant (s)? Product(s)?   catalase 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2

OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE: a specific temperature at which an enzyme’s catalytic activity is at its greatest

Do all organisms have the same optimum temperature for their enzymes? An enzyme found in Wild Alaskan Salmon An enzyme found in Bacteria An enzyme found in Humans

The same goes for ______ pH: Each enzyme works within a small pH range. When an enzyme is NOT in its optimal pH environment the active site of the enzyme changes shape. Acidic pH levels: Neutral pH level:   Basic pH levels: OPTIMAL pH: a specific pH level at which an enzyme’s catalytic activity is at its greatest.

Do all enzymes in an organism have the same optimum pH? Amylase Pepsin Trypsin

DENATURATION (denature): What happens when an enzyme reaches past it’s optimal temperature or pH? DENATURATION (denature): Denatured proteins will not go back to their original shape!!

Cell Energy Photosynthesis Cell Respiration

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells? CHLOROPLAST

Anatomy of a Chloroplast

How does the chloroplast absorb sunlight energy? Pigments: Chlorophyll a (green) Chlorophyll b (green) Carotenoids (yellow, orange, red) Chlorophylls absorb most strongly in the ____________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ This is why plant parts that contain chlorophyll appear green to the human eye.

(Into the Chloroplast) (Out of the Chloroplast) Reactants (Into the Chloroplast) Products (Out of the Chloroplast) Word Formula Chemical Formula

Photosynthesis Overview

Part 1: Light Reaction

Part 2: Calvin Cycle

Thomas EngeLmann’s Experiment What is a valid conclusion based on this graph? O2 production decreases as the wavelength increases from 550 – 650 nm Respiration rate in bacteria is greatest at 550 nm Photosynthetic rate in the algae is greatest in blue light The algae absorb the greatest amount of O2 in red light

Thomas EngeLmann’s Experiment Photosynthetic rate in the algae is greatest in blue light Evidence: 1. 2. 3. Animation of experiment

Photosynthesis Drawings! Photosynthesis Overview – Page 118 Light Reaction in detail – Page 114 Calvin Cycle in detail – Page 116 Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR

Cell Energy Photosynthesis Cell Respiration

Breaks down into microscopic molecules Loaf of bread Bread crumbs

Glucose’s Final Destination… MITOCHONDRIA!!!

Cellular Respiration The energy is released in the form of ___________!!!! GLUCOSE ENERGY (ATP) Cellular Respiration

Adenosine Triphosphate

Glucose ATP ATP: Cellular Activities that require ATP: Active Transport of the cell membrane Making new DNA and new cells Muscle contractions Nerve impulses Glucose ATP

ATP Function ENERGY IS RELEASED WHEN: The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called ADP (adenosine diphosphate).

Reactants Products (Out of Mitochondria) Cellular Respiration Reactants (Into Mitochondria) Products (Out of Mitochondria) Word Formula Chemical Formula

What type of organisms perform cellular respiration? Autotrophs HETEROTROPHS AKA: producer Examples: plants, algae & some bacteria AKA: consumer, herbivore, carnivore, decomposer, omnivore Examples: animals, fungi, & most bacteria

Cell Respiration Overview

Part 1: Glycolysis

Glycolysis Summary

Transition To Krebs / Citric Acid Cycle

Part 2: Krebs / Citric Acid Cycle

Part 3: Oxidative Phosphorylation

Without O2: Fermentation

Cell Respiration Reactions

Cellular Respiration Drawings! Cell Respiration Overview – Page 100 Glycolysis – Page 95 Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle – Page 97 ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation)- Page 98 Fermentation – Page 101 Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR

Yeast - Major Characteristics

Significance of Yeast Food Industry Medical Biofuel Industry

Illustrate Interdependence Illustrate the interdependent relationship that occurs between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis Performed by organisms. This cellular process occurs in cells, in the organelle called . Converts sunlight energy into chemical energy It is an reaction. CO2 and H2O are the Glucose and O2 are the

Cellular Respiration Performed by & organisms. This cellular process occurs in & cells, in the organelle called . Glucose is stored energy for the cell. ATP is usable energy for the cell. It is a reaction. CO2 and H2O & ATP are the Glucose and O2 are the