Composite Materials: Structure, General Properties and Applications Chapter 9 Composite Materials: Structure, General Properties and Applications Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Boeing 757-200 Figure 9.1 Application of advanced composite materials in Boeing 757-200 commercial aircraft. Source: Courtesy of Boeing Commercial Airplane Company. Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Methods of Reinforcing Plastics Figure 9.2 Schematic illustration of methods of reinforcing plastics (matrix) with (a) particles, (b) short or long fibers or flakes, and (c) continuous fibers. The laminate structures shown in (d) can be produced from layers of continuous fibers or sandwich structures using a foam or honeycomb core (see also Fig. 16.50). Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of Composite Materials Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Tensile Strength and Modulus for Fibers in Plastic Figure 9.3 Specific tensile strength (tensile strength-to-density ratio) and specific tensile modulus (modulus of elasticity-to-density ratio) for various fibers used in reinforced plastics. Note the wide range of specific strengths and stiffnesses available. Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Properties of Reinforcing Fibers Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Cross-sections of Fiber-reinforced Materials Figure 9.4 (a) Cross-section of a tennis racket, showing graphite and aramid (Kevlar) reinforcing fibers. Source: Courtesy of J. Dvorak, Mercury Marine Corporation and F. Garret, Wilson Sporting Goods Co. (b) Cross-section of boron fiber-reinforced composite material Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Effect of Fiber Type on Properties of Fiber-reinforced Nylon Figure 9.5 The effect of type of fiber on various properties of fiber-reinforced nylon (6,6). Source: Courtesy of NASA. Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Fracture Surfaces of Fiber-reinforced Epoxy Composites Figure 9.6 (a) Fracture surface of a glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composite. The fibers are 10μm (400μin.) in diameter and have random orientation. (b) Fracture surface of a graphite fiber-reinforced epoxy composite. The fibers, 9 μm to 11μm in diameter, are in bundles and are all aligned in the same direction. Source: Courtesy of L.J. Broutman Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Plastics Figure 9.7 The tensile strength of glass-reinforced polyester as a function of fiber content and fiber direction in the matrix. Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Composite Sailboard Cross-section Figure 9.8 Cross-section of a composite sailboard, an example of advanced materials construction. Source: K. Easterline, Tomorrow’s Materials (2nd ed.), p. 133. Institute of Metals, 1990. Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Metal-Matrix Composite Parts Figure 9.10 Examples of metal-matrix composite parts. Source: Courtesy of Metal Matrix Cast Composites, LLC. Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Metal-Matrix Composite Materials and Applications Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Metal Matrix Automotive Brake Caliper Figure 9.11 Aluminum-matrix composite brake caliper using nanocrystallyne alumina fiber reinforcement. Source: Courtesy of 3M Corp. Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.