Dalibor HATIĆ Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process Dalibor HATIĆ Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process Dalibor Hatić, Managing director  Geonatura group Ltd., Trg senjskih uskoka 1-2, Zagreb, Croatia  

All life forms on earth are carbon based. We are carbon based organisms too! But… there are many of us and the world population is still growing. Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process

-50% of world population lives in cities. -Small and medium cities in developing countries are growing fastest. -By 2050, two thirds of world population — 6.2 billion people — may live urban lives. Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process Numbers

-1 bln. of people lives presently in slums mil. people are homeless. -By bln. of people (40% of the present population) would be needing home. The cities are going to GROW! Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process Numbers

Hence, we need to take action …. and we are doing that. Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process

47% Buildings 33% Transportation 19% Industry Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process CO2 emissions

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process Definitions Eco-cities Cities built on the principle of living within environmental limits. Many eco-cities aim to eliminate all carbon emissions, produce energy entirely from renewable sources and generally to incorporate ‘green’ principles into city design. Cities with slightly less stringent aims may be described as ‘green’ cities. Low-carbon cities Cities focused on reducing their carbon footprint and keeping emissions as low as possible. (Net) Zero-energy cities Cities focused on producing the energy they need in a given year, resulting in net-zero energy use. Zero-energy cities have three main characteristics: incorporating maximum energy efficiency into the design of the entire city, generating energy on-site, and purchasing renewable energy produced off-site to meet any remaining energy needs.

Megacities: 10 million or more Large Cities: 5 to 10 million Medium Cities: 1 to 5 million Small Cities: 500,000 to 1 million Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process Adapted from the UN’s World Urbanization Prospects [1] Defining city size by population

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process Interactive world map showing cities of different sizes and the proportion of population classified as urban. Source: United Nations World Urbanization Prospects.

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process The world's fastest growing cities plotted by region. Source: United Nations World Urbanization Prospects

-Poverty -Food -Transport -Solid waste -Water and sanitation -Health -Climate change -Disaster risk -Housing Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process Issues and challenges faced by growing urbanization

-Bus Rapid Transit (BRT); Closed-looped systems; Eco-cities; ‘Green’ cities; Integrative design; Low- carbon cities; Resilient cities; ‘Smart’ cities; Sustainable development; (Net) Zero-energy cities -… and many others! Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process Concepts and solutions (terms)

Existing strategies in Croatia that are either directly or in-directly related to mitigating climate change. Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process Croatia – Low emissions energy strategy (LEDS)

Implementation timeline: four defined periods Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process Croatia – Low emissions energy strategy (LEDS)

Towards the vision: Identified main measures > focus on Energy Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process Croatia – Low emissions energy strategy (LEDS) -Increase in energy efficiency. -Increase of Renewable energy sources in Energy mix. -Further use of fossil fuels in energy production with CO2 caption and storage. -Building of energy storage facilities (i.e. RHPP). -Building and development of distributed energy grids („Smart grids“). -Use of biofuels and electricity in transport and traffic.

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process On the sideline: Energy Global energy mix today: -Fossil fuels 82 % - same as it was 25 years ago despite growing investments in renewables -Solar energy only 3% of global el. Energy -80% reduction of CO2 by 2020 to decrease the risk of irreversible changes to the climate. -To reach „red line“ of 2 0 C global temperature increase we need only to emit new 565 gigatones of carbon into atmosphere. -Global energy corporations presently „control“ reserves of 2795 gigatones worth bln. $US!!!

Towards the low-carbon development vision: Identified priority measures Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process Croatia – Low emissions energy strategy (LEDS)

Towards the low-carbon development vision: Identified priority measures Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process Croatia – Low emissions energy strategy (LEDS)

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process Towards the low-carbon development vision -The goal in essence is to establish zero balance between the emissions and imissions of GHG in order to avoid climate changes. -Measures and actions have its reach and zero balance is for now very distant goal! -Hence, direct carbon emissions offsetting concept was developed during the Kyoto period.

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process CASE 1. Building by natural materials: Wood

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process CASE 1. Building by natural materials: Wood

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process CASE 1. Building by natural materials: Wood The ratio: -Concrete emits: 1,215 tones -Wood sequesters: 3,150 tones Net difference: 4,360 tones

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process CASE 1. Building by natural materials: Wood

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process CASE 2. Passive house building EPBD EU Directive on energy characteristics of buildings (2010/31/EU, EPBD) nZEB= nearly Zero Energy Building = energetically highly efficient building that uses renewable energy resources

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process CASE 2. Passive house building INPUT: CEPH EU project OUTPUT: SEEDpass project South East Europe strategic partnership in vocational education and training in Passivhaus design for nearly zero energy buildings development.

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process CASE 2. Passive house building

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process CASE 3. Direct carbon emissions offsetting - Global importance and impact - Two principal markets: compulsory (ETS) and voluntary (non-ETS)

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process CASE 3. Direct carbon emissions offsetting

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process CASE 3. Direct carbon emissions offsetting

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process CASE 3. Direct carbon emissions offsetting In Croatia compulsory market is still not functioning yet but voluntary market is due to activities of one company only: CO2cut Ltd.

Low-carbon cities: Investments in the transition process CASE 4. „Climate proofing” of projects in Cohesion funding in the Operational Program for the period New for everybody in EU! “It means that in the Feasability Study and Application it should be elaborated and explained how climate change related risks and adaptation considerations have been taken into account.”

Dalibor Hatić, Managing director  Geonatura group Ltd., Trg senjskih uskoka 1-2, Zagreb, Croatia   THANK YOU!