What makes plants different from algae? Plant Kingdom Notes 1. Characteristics of Plant Kingdom A. Multicellular (Many-celled) B. Eukaryotic (Has a Distinct Nucleus) C. Autotroph (Makes its own food) D. Cell wall made of cellulose (Good fiber for our diet) What makes plants different from algae?

2. Benefits of Plants Oxygen Food Shelter Paper Medicine Clothing Fiber in our diet Fossil Fuels

An Introduction to Paper Making 4:19 minutes

3. What plants need to survive: A. Sunlight—plants have adaptations to gather sunlight for photosynthesis B. Water and minerals—all cells require a constant supply of water. Minerals are absorbed along with water. C. Gas exchange—plants must exchange gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) to perform photosynthesis D. Movement of water and nutrients— plants take up water and minerals with their roots, but make food in their leaves.

4. Plant Structures of Vascular Plants Vascular plants—plants with vessels to carry nutrients throughout the plant; this allowed plants to evolve to a larger size A. Leaves a) Used for photosynthesis b) Photosynthetic Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 c) Special structures Stomata—opening in leaf to allow the exchange of O2, CO2, and water vapor Cuticle—waxy covering to prevent water loss Guard cell—regulates opening of the stomata Light Energy

Cuticle Vascular Bundle Spongy Mesophyll

B. Roots—are used for: a) Absorption of minerals and water b) Storage of starches c) Anchor to ground d) 2 main types of roots: taproot—grow long and deep to reach water below the surface fibrous—branched root system that grows close to the surface

C. Stems—are used for water transportation (vascular plants) a) xylem—used to transport water UP b) phloem—used to transport food DOWN Exceptions: nonvascular plants —no vessels to carry nutrients throughout plant Mosses have no transportation system; therefore, they are small and close to the ground

D. Reproduction a) Spores—asexual b) Cones—sexual c) Flowers—contains the male and female sexual organs d) Seed—fertilized egg e) Fruit—mature ovary that contains one or more seeds

Pollen tubes (allows pollen to enter the ovary)

5. Plant Responses—Tropisms A. Gravitropism—response to gravity Plants grow upwards out of the soil and the roots grow down B. Phototropism—response to light Plants grow towards a light source C. Thigmotropism—response to touch Plants that close up when touched Example: Climbing plants or vines that twist around any object they touch

Plant Adaptations for Survival and Reproduction 1. Adaptations—an inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce. A. How do adaptations occur? a) Mutations—sudden changes in the genetic code (DNA). b) KEY POINT: Beneficial mutations allow organisms the ability to adapt and therefore, survive and reproduce.

2. Adaptations for Survival A. Different environments: a) Desert plants—able to tolerate strong winds, daytime heat, and infrequent rainfall. Plants grow slowly Plants have a deep root system to gather water Plants have thick stems to store large amounts of water Plants have spines instead of large leaves to reduce water loss Example: Cactus b) Arctic Tundra Plants are low growing and small due to lack of nutrients

B. Carnivorous Plants—have specialized features for B. Carnivorous Plants—have specialized features for obtaining nutrition a) Pitcher Plant b) Venus Fly Trap These plants are first and foremost autotrophs but can obtain additional nutrients from other organisms, too.

C. Defense Mechanisms a) Poisons—lethal when eaten b) Chemicals that act as insect hormones—disrupt normal growth and development c) Thorns/thistles—undesirable or hard to eat D. Leaf Adaptations—needle-like versus broad leaf

3. Adaptations for Reproduction A. Pollination—produces seeds by the transfer of pollen from male reproductive structure to female reproductive structure 1) Cross Pollination – In this process, the pollen from one flower is transferred to the stigma of another plant of the same kind via an insect Carried out by animals (mainly insects and birds) that carry pollen from one flower to another Animals are attracted by bright colors, smell and nectar (food)

Self Pollination – Some plants do not need outside help to transfer the pollen grains. They are able to pollinate themselves. Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another flower of the same plant. Less efficient, relies on large numbers of seeds Examples: Wind pollination—less efficient, relies on large numbers of spores

B. Seed Dispersal a) Animal Dispersal Fruits—provide nutrition for animals and helps plants spread seeds Burrs—get snagged on fur; carry seeds from one area to another b) Wind and Water Dispersal— lightweight seeds carried in the air or float on surface of water

Diversity When we're talking about flowering plants, there are two main types: Monocots and Dicots.  Some examples of monocots are corn, grass, and palm trees.  Dicots include oak trees, daisies, and roses. There are several signs that a plant is either a monocot or a dicot. Sometimes one of the signs won't help very much, or you won't be able to look at the part of the plant you need to.  If one fails us, then we have other signs to fall back on.

Monocot vs Dicot

Monocots—named for the number of seed leaves in the plant embryo -1 parallel leaf veins flower parts in multiples of threes fibrous roots xylem and phloem scattered in stem

Dicots—named for the number of seed leaves in the embryo - 2 branched leaf veins flowers parts in multiples of fours or fives taproots xylem and phloem oriented in rings in stems

Monocot or Dicot??? 1. 2. 3. 4. Monocot Dicot Monocot Dicot

Woody plants – trees, shrubs and vines Herbaceous plants – do NOT produce wood How long do plants live? Annual Life Span – lives, reproduces and dies in one growing season Biennial Life Span – completes life cycle in two years Perennial Life Span – lives, reproduces and continues to grow from year to year (usually has woody stems)

Evolution of Vascular Plants

Ferns do not produce flowers, but reproduce from spores that form on the undersides of their fronds. (asexual reproduction)

Gymnosperms—“Gymnosperm” literally means “naked seed” Gymnosperms—“Gymnosperm” literally means “naked seed”. This is due to the fact that the seeds of gymnosperms are borne on structures that leave them exposed to the environment. No flowers or fruits (makes cones instead) Includes 3 phylums with the most common being Phylum Coniferophyta Ex: pine, fir, cypress, spruce, and redwood trees

Angiosperms—flowering plants where the seeds are protected by layers of tissue Represent the most diverse and evolutionarily advanced of any of the plants. You can find angiosperms just about anywhere on Earth in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Has flowers that contain ovaries (ovary develops into a fruit to protect a plant embryo)

Tissues 1.) Dermal Tissue- the epidermis is usually a single layer of cells that secretes a waxy layer called a cuticle that inhibits the plant from losing water Examples: Epidermal cells- secrete a waxy layer to prevent water loss (stem of plant, usually lack chloroplasts) Guard cells- regulate gas exchange in leaves Root hair- increase surface area of the cell to absorb more nutrients

Dermal Tissue Examples

Tissues Continued… 2.) Vascular Tissue- to transport water, minerals and food (glucose) throughout the plant Examples: Xylem- transports water from the roots to all parts of the plant. “Xy to the sky!” (transports from the ground up) Phloem- transports sugar made in the leaves (photosynthesis) to the rest of the plant. “Phlo to the snow!” (transports from the leaves down)

Vascular Tissue Examples

7.) Transpiration- the movement of water out of guard cells of the leaves through evaporation

Transpiration

8. ) Specilaized Cells in Plants 1 8.) Specilaized Cells in Plants 1.) Xylem Cells- have a thick cell wall to carry out its function of transporting a vast amount of water 9.) Turgor Pressure- the water pressure inside plant cells. Water pushes against cell wall to keep plant rigid. *When plant loses too much water, it loses turgor pressure and wilts.

Turgor Pressure