An Age of Modernity Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894 - 1914 Chapter 24 An Age of Modernity Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894 - 1914

Toward the Modern Consciousness: Developments in the Sciences Science offers certainty Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906) Max Planck (1858-1947) Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Theory of relativity

Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) Glorifies the irrational “God is dead” Concept of the superman Henri Bergson

Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900 The unconscious Id, ego, and superego Repression

The Impact of Darwinism: Social Darwinism and Racism Societies are organisms that evolve Radical Applications Nationalism Racism

The Attack on Christianity Political movements of the late 19th century hostile to Christian churches Catholic Church Condemned Modernism in 1907

Culture of Modernity: Literature Émile Zola (1840-1902) Naturalism Must analyze life Symbolists Objective knowledge of the world was impossible

Modernism in the Arts Impressionism Post-Impressionism Light and color with structure and form Subjective Realism Impact of photography on art Cubism: Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) Expressionism in music

Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties The Movement for Women’s Rights: Demands of Women Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) Clara Barton (1821-1912) Red Cross Growing demands of suffragists Peace movements The New Woman Maria Montessori (1870-1952) New teaching materials Began the system of Montessori schools

Jews within the European Nation-State Anti-Semitism Actions against Jews Many emigrate Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)

The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain Working class demands Trade Unions Fabian Socialists Neither Unions nor Fabian Socialists are Marxist Britain’s Labour Party David Lloyd George (1863-1945) Abandons laissez-faire Backs social reform measures Beginnings of the welfare state

Transformation of Liberalism: Italy and France Giovanni Giolitti France Dreyfus affair Third Republic Antirepublican

Growing Tensions in Germany William II (1888-1918) Military and industrial power Conflict of tradition and modernization Strong nationalists Austria-Hungary Universal male suffrage in 1907 Social Democrats Emperor Francis Joseph

Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia By 1900 the fourth largest producer of steel Development of working class Development of socialist parties Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898 Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905 General strike, October 1905 Nicholas II granted civil liberties and a legislative body, Duma Curtailment of power of the Duma, 1907 

The Rise of the United States Shift to an industrial nation, 1860-1914 9 percent own 71 percent of wealth Progressive Era Reform Pure Food and Drug Act Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921 Income tax and Federal Reserve System

The New Imperialism Causes of the New Imperialism Competition among European nations Social Darwinism and racism Religious humanitarianism, “White man’s burden” Economics

Other Instances of Imperialism Portuguese Mozambique Angola French Algeria, 1830 West Africa and Tunis British in Egypt Leopold II, 1865-1909 International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa, 1876 Congo French reaction is to move into territory north of the Congo River Germany South West Africa; Cameroons; Togoland; East Africa

Imperialism in Asia Japan Southeast Asia Pacific Islands James Cook to Australia, 1768-1771 British East India Company Empress of India bestowed on Queen Victoria, 1876 Russian expansion British acquisition of Hong Kong Japan Matthew Perry opens Japan, 1853-1854 Southeast Asia British & French control Pacific Islands US and the Spanish-American War

Responses to Imperialism Africa New class of educated African leaders Resentment of foreigners Intellectual hatred of colonial rule China Boxer Rebellion, 1900-1901, Society of Harmonious Fists

Japan and India Japan India Samurai Meiji Mutsuhito, 1867-1912 British control results in peace and honest government Extreme poverty Indian National Congress, 1883 

International Rivalry and the Coming of War New Alliances Triple Alliance, 1882 – Germany, Austria, Italy New Directions and New Crises Triple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, Russia Triple Alliance, 1907 – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy