UNEP’s Activities to support second national communications UNFCCC Workshop 8-11 April 2003 Mauritius

UNEP’s CC Activities Vulnerability Assessment and cost effective adaptation Integrating land use change & forestry Sustainable development & CC Technology, finance and insurance Sustainable energy and climate change mitigation Kyoto mechanisms and national policy instruments

 Scientific assessment  Development and application of analytical tools and guidelines,  Public awareness and information  Capacity building in developing countries

UNEP’s mandate  22nd Governing Council (2003) of UNEP resolved to strengthen the area of adaptation to climate change to support regional and national actions and programmes, including National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) for Least Developed Countries (LDCs)

What is ongoing?  Methodologies, tools and resources for mitigation analysis  NEPAD Climate Change Action Plan  Testing vulnerability indices  National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs)  Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change  Link between land use change and adaptation  Public awareness

6 FCCC - Methodological guidance Need for comparable approaches COP shall "promote and guide,......, the development and periodic refinement of comparable methodologies" for:  Inventories of sources and sinks  Effectiveness of measures to mitigate CC SBSTA to review and advise COP on:  “further development...and use of comparable methodologies UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment

7 COP 8 Mitigation Guidelines Methodological approaches 38. Based on national circumstances, non-Annex I Parties are encouraged to use whatever methods are available and appropriate in order to formulate and prioritize programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change; this should be done within the framework of sustainable development objectives, which should include social, economic and environmental factors. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment

8 Objectives  Develop & Test Guidelines for National Climate Change Mitigation Analysis  Enhance local capacity for mitigation analysis in the 8 countries through cooperation and training  Establish input to national mitigation strategies and to national communication to the FCCC in 8 participating countries  Contribute methodological guidance and national experiences to the FCCC and GEF EA processes  Disseminate guidelines and experiences to other programmes and projects UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment

9 UNEP Study Overview  8 national GEF mitigation studies – Argentina, Ecuador, Estonia, Hungary, Indonesia, Mauritius, Senegal Vietnam  Parallel national studies – Egypt, Jordan & Lebanon (GEF/EA) – Botswana, Tanzania, Zambia, Peru (Danida)  2 National workshops in each country  4 Regional workshops  3 Project team training and exchange workshops UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment

10 GEF Project Reports and Books  National & Regional reports  Guidelines  Handbook series – Extended Cost Assessment Framework – Sectoral Assessment  Workshop reports UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment

11 Guidelines  General technical guidelines: – Analytical structure: Scenarios, time frame, policy evaluation. – Concepts: Costs, GHG reduction, broader social impacts. – Technical inputs and assumptions: emission factors, technologies etc.  Extended cost assessment: – Local air pollution, income distribution, employment. – Case studies including Mauritius and Hungary.  Sectoral guidelines: Modelling tools and assumptions. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment

12 CDM Capacity Building  Capacity Development for CDM: – 12 country studies. – Support to national CDM focal point. – Training.  CDM Analytical Programme: – CDM manual (medio 2003). – Manual for assessing CDM and sustainable development (medio 2003). – Technical material on CDM baseline approches. – Technical material on CDM legal issues facing host countries. – Technical material on finance and institutional issues. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment

13 Sustainable Development and Climate Change I  CDM support activities will include guideline development and case examples from 12 participating countries.  Sustainable development indicators will reflect: – Economic dimension: E.g. Employment, sectoral output, finance. – Environmental dimension: E.g. Local air quality, other pollutants, GHG emissions. – Social dimension: E.g. Education, healt, local institutions. Technical material on finance and institutional issues. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment

14 Sustainable Development and Climate Change II  Development and Climate Change projects: – International network with DC and IC Centres of Excellence. – Development first approach to identify energy sector and food/water sector policies that both meet SD objectives and climate change. – International policy dialogue based on policy examples. – Climate change mitigation and adaptation policies included. – Case studie for China, India, Bagladesh, West Africa, South Africa and Brasil. – Outputs of Phase I: Country study reports, methodological framework, background report on development-climate linkages. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment

NEPAD  A holistic, integrated sustainable development initiative for economic and social revival of Africa ( Value adding, self-organising and evolving )  A pledge by African leaders “based on a common vision and a firm and shared conviction that they have a pressing duty to eradicate poverty and to place their countries, individually and collectively, on a path of sustainable growth and development and, at the same time participate actively in world economy and body politic”.

NEPAD Leadership & Co-ordination  Provided by a Steering Committee: – Countries: Algeria, Cameroon, Egypt, Mali, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia – Environment component by bureau members of AMCEN chaired by Uganda – Organisational support by UNEP, NEPAD Secretariat, GEF, UN ECA, AU and AfDB

Proposed action plan  Integrated assessment of vulnerability to climate variability and change and response strategies  Evaluating synergistic effects of adaptation with mitigation effects  Supporting public outreach and education programmes  Water - shared river basin management, watershed management  Agriculture - building capacity for early warning  Capacity building, training

Vulnerability Indices  Clear understanding of what indices will be used for, and by whom, is essential.  At global level, composite index could determine eligibility for funds.  At the local level, sectoral indices could be instrumental in designing and targeting projects.  At the national (or regional) level, vulnerability indices would aid in planning adaptation strategies.  A fundamental challenge is to link these scales.  The quality and quantity of data required is a concern.

Uses of vulnerability assessments

Starting points  Scenario-led – Climate change exposure, impacts, adaptation – Climate change is the problem – Adaptation is marginal to climate change impacts – Short-term responses  Vulnerability-first – Risk of adverse consequences – Focus on adaptive capacity and systemic properties – Solutions in sustainable development – Highest priority is climate variability (risk)

One of the most common vulnerability indices, based on life expectancy, literacy and economic growth

Environmental Sustainability The CIESIN assessment combines multiple indicators into an overall score

Orissa indicators Orissa state scores under 50% for most of the indicators of food insecurity, indicating relatively high vulnerability. Food availability is especially precarious and many health and nutritional indicators are quite low.

Component indices  Food availability – Deficit between consumption and production – Instability in cereal production – Environmental sustainability index – Population affected by floods & cyclones – Area affected by drought  Food access – Calorie intake of lowest decile – Population consuming less than 1890 kcal/day – Population below poverty line – Population dependent on labour income – Rural infrastructure index – Female sex ratio for juveniles – Female literacy – Scheduled populations  Food absorption – Life expectancy at age 1 – Population with chronic energy deficiency – Severely stunted children under 5 – Severely wasted children under 5 – Infant mortality rate – Health infrastructure index

Food Insecurity The starting point for mapping vulnerability to climate change is present food insecurity. Based on the MS Swaminathan Foundation’s Food Insecurity Atlas of India (2001), with some exceptions, the northern states are more insecure than southern India.

Vulnerability profile for Ethiopia

Adaptation to Climate Change for Agricultural Productivity  Supporting developing country natural resource managers and scientists to help integrate the potential impact of climate change in their area of work and link with the national policy community

Land use change and forestry  Recognising the positive synergy that can be gained by linking carbon sequestration activities with adaptation  UNEP is concentrating on capacity building and training of national focal points in developing countries for enhancing abilities to contribute to the negotiations.

Glacier Lake Outburst Flooding hazards  to develop scientific capacity in early warning systems  inventorying of existing glacier lakes along the Hindu Kush Himalayas (Nepal and Bhutan), monitoring of potential risk lakes for draining; and preparation of an operational early warning mechanism for GLOF hazards

Public Awareness  UNEP has been active on awareness and public information by bringing out simplified messages and versions of scientific reports that non-experts can understand while maintaining scientific accuracy - IPCC material  ‘Vital Graphics on Climate Change.’ targeted for trainers and resource persons

Scientific collaboration  In partnerships such as IUCN, FAO, and CGIAR supporting an enhanced exchange of scientific knowledge in the forestry and agricultural sector  Developing an approach to strengthen the science-policy interface by supporting an enhanced exchange of scientific knowledge in the forestry and agricultural sector pertinent to international and national environmental policy development in climate change.  Promoting pilot projects