FirstDefender Explosives Application Overview October 08

Explosives Applications Domestic Terrorism Border Crossings Critical Infrastructure Liquid Explosives / Checkpoint Screening Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) Home Made Explosives (HME) - Wartime Manufacturing Process Chemical Hazards Common Industrial Chemicals Clandestine Laboratories Describe how explosives applications can be broken down into 3 major applications: Domestic terrorism, the prevention and detection of explosives within a country or region IEDs – which is the homemade mfg of bombs for wartime or high school kids Chemical hazards – legitimate uses of chemicals can be hazardous, this application can also include clandestine or meth labs, where the mfg of methamphetamine involves many explosive materials

Typical Scenario for Potential Explosive Threats CHALLENGE: Identify unknown chemicals Responder’s Options Limited data Limited equipment Limited time Wait on Scene Collect/Transport Sample Blow-and-Go Review schematic – stressing that a responder (can be military, bomb technician, hazmat or law enforcement official has limited amount of time and information to make decisions when they do not have any identification technology Review 3 possible scenarios of action or no action and the potentional drawbacks of each Increased Risk/Exposure Delayed Decision Making Resource drain Unstable/Toxic Sample Still unknown chemical Takes time/delays operations Destroys evidence Detonating unknown Spread chem hazard Drawbacks

Bomb Tech’s Technology Toolbox Portable X-ray Explosives containment box Radio Frequency Jammers Bomb Suit Vapor / Particulate Discuss that a bomb technician has many tools they may call on during a bomb threat or post blat response, and that the FirstDefender is one tool in a group of many tools Robots Chemical (Solid & Liquid) Fiber optic camera

Raman versus Trace Raman Spectroscopy Identification Used to identify bulk liquids and solid materials that are visible to the human eye Raman spectroscopy has extremely high accuracy and very low false alarm rate (< 1%) Capable of identifying thousands of chemicals and mixtures Can identify raw materials used in manufacture of HMEs, not just finished explosives FirstDefender is field instrument, rugged and decon-able Ready to go – no warm up time required No consumables FD can be upgraded in the field with new library items as new threats emerge IMS Trace Detection Used to identify the presence of trace explosives that cannot be seen High nuisance alarm rate (~10%) and cannot be used on bulk quantities (will saturate the detector) Only identifies finished explosives Can identify 5 – 10 single chemicals Not typically decon-able Dopant and dessicant consumables typically required ~2 - 24 hour warm up time Review differences between Raman and trace as tool for explosives chemical identification

Bomb Technician – Critical Needs Portable – Rugged Design Easy to Use Requires Minimal Training Low Maintenance Out of the Box Ready Reliable Rapid Response Remote Scanning Outside the U.S. bomb technicians are typically under the central military group

Explosives 101

Explosives Overview All bomb technicians are trained at the Hazardous Device School (FBI Sponsored)

Commercial High Explosives (Ordnance) Primary Explosives Very sensitive explosives used in detonators Lead Azide Lead Styphnate Mercury Fulminate Diasodintitrophenol (DDNP) Tetrazene Secondary Explosives Mostly insensitive and require a booster or detonator to initiate Ammonium Nitrate Trinitroltoluene (TNT) Petaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) Cyclo-Trimethylene Trinitramine (RDX) Dynamite Emulsion Water based explosives solutions of oxidizers and fuel, typically contains ammonium nitrate Boosters Explosive charge with high detonation velocity, used to amplify the primary explosive Sheet Explosives Flexible and moldable high explosives with mixtures of PETN or RDX and nitrocellulose Semtex Highly moldable, plastic explosives manufactured in Czech Republic containing RDX and PETN, sometimes TNT with plasticizers C-4 Composition 4, WWII, white, odorlesss, moldable containing RDX and plasticizers

Explosives Substance Overview - IED Nitrated Explosives NG – Nitroglycerin (Glycerin, Nitric Acid + Sulfuric Acid) EGDN – Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate (Ethylene Glycol, Nitric Acid + Sulfuric Acid) Methyl Nitrate (Methyl Alcohol, Nitric Acid + Sulfuric Acid) Urea Nitrate (Urea, Nitric Acid) Nitrocellulose (Gun Cotton) (Cotton, Nitric Acid + Sulfuric Acid) Peroxide Explosives TATP – Triacetone Triperoxide (Acetone, Hydrogen Peroxide, Strong Acid) HMTD – Hexamethylene Triperoxide Diamine (Hexamine, Hydrogen Peroxide, Citric Acid) MEKP – Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (Methyl ethyl ketone, Hydrogen Peroxide, Strong Acid) X Common Precursors Strong Acids Sulfuric ‘battery’ H2SO4 Nitric HNO3 Hydrochloric ‘ Muriatic HCl Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 Urea Acetone Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) Alcohol Ethylene Glycol (Antifreeze) Glycerin (Glycreol) Hexamine (Camp Stove Tablets) Citric Acid (sour salt) A variety of chemical precursors can be reacted together to create explosives

Explosives Substance Overview – Oxidizers - IED Reactive Elements combined with Oxidizers Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Barium (Ba) Calcium (Ca) Ammonium (NH4) Lithium (Li) Strontium (Sr) Lead (Pb) Silver (Ag) Hydrogen (H) Oxidizer Compounds Ammonium Perchlorate NH4CLO4 Sodium Chlorate NaCLO3 Calcium Hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2 Ammonium Nitrate NH4NO3 Potassium Nitrate KNO3 Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 Barium Peroxide BaO2 Potassium Permanganate KMnO4 Lead Iodate Pb(IO3)2 Lithium Chromate Li2CrO42H2O Potassium Dichromate K2Cr2O7 Oxidizer Names Perchlorate CLO4 Chlorate CLO3 Hypochlorite OCl Nitrate NO3 Peroxide O2 Permanganate MnO4 Iodate IO3 Chromate CrO4 Dichromate Cr2O7 Oxidizers serve as a source of oxygen or can be blended with fuels in IED mixtures Nitrate Blends ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate, Diesel Fuel) ANAI (Ammonium Nitrate, Aluminum Powder) ANS (Ammonium Nitrate, Sulfur Powder) ANIS (Ammonium Nitrate, Icing Sugar) Black Powder (Potassium Nitrate, Charcoal, Sulfur) Chlorate / Perchlorate Blends Flash Powder (Potassium Chlorate, Aluminum Powder, Mg Powder, Sulfur) Poor Man’s C-4 (Potassium Chlorate, Vaseline) Armstrong’s Mixture (K-Chlorate, Red Phosphorous) X X

FirstDefender & Use Scenarios

FirstDefender Explosives Identification Hand Held Chemical Identification System > 6500 Substance Library Explosives & Precursors CWA and Industrial Chemicals Simple User Interface Designed for Tactical Field User Point & Shoot, Vial or Flex Probe Mode Samples Through Containers Quick – Accurate Response Unknown substance is scanned with 785nm laser – scattered light is measured and compared to library of chemical spectrum Capable of identifying mixtures Light Weight – Ergonomic Design < 4 pounds Rugged exterior can be submerged and decon’d

Principles of Operation Detection Method – Raman Spectroscopy No Sample Handling or Preparation Designed for tactical, point and shoot applications Unaffected by Strong IR Absorbers (Water, CO2, Glass) Excitation Wavelength Can Penetrate Container Materials Beer bottles, wine bottles, water bottles, zip-lock bags, etc. Unique spectrally rich signature for identification Limitations Does not penetrate opaque containers Dark colored solid materials, black powder Fluorescence can limit household product identification Fluorescence can increase measurement time

Use Modes Flex Probe Vial Point-and-Shoot Ideal when environment does not allow for point and shoot, and for when sampling is done for evidence collection Use caution on dark colored substances Ideal when you do not want to open container Best Tactical Sampling Option Ideal for hard to reach locations, and for freeing hands and fixing probe on sample Sample Time will be longer than point and shoot Most Raman systems have two modes of use. Vial Compartment Measurements allow the user to collect a sample into a 4ml vial and insert the vial into the internal compartment of the unit Point and Shoot Measurements attempt to identify a chemical substance with minimal to no contact. For example through a pill bottle, through a Tupperware container, an amber colored bottle, etc. The system operates on the same principle for both techniques, however the Point and Shoot mode is more challenging as you are introducing in a wide range of

What can Raman “see” through? Can laser light get through it? Darker colored containers may take longer to scan through. It is a tactical decision whether or not to take the time to get through. NOTES: ________________________________________________________________ Yes Transparent or Translucent No Opaque

Call to action simple results Good result always confirm with other info and technologies Good result always be aware of what a mixture means to other technologies Poor spectra, complex mixture, poor sampling, difficult sample, fluorescence could give this result See if spectra was acquired – call for Reachback support - Ahura 911

Tactical Advantages Applications Analyze Unknowns Without Handling Analyze Unknown’s in Their Container Possible to Analyze Outside of Hot Zone

Typical Scenario for Potential Explosive Threats CHALLENGE: Identify unknown chemicals Responder’s Options Limited data Limited equipment Limited time Wait on Scene Collect/Transport Sample Blow-and-Go Increased Risk/Exposure Delayed Decision Making Resource drain Unstable/Toxic Sample Still unknown chemical Takes time/delays operations Destroys evidence Detonating unknown Bad public relations Drawbacks

Proposed Solution Technology allows paradigm shift in field identification tactics Increased Troop Protection Situation Awareness Instant data Real time decisions FirstDefender Immediate Identification Conclusion Increased Operator Protection On scene Commander Declare Non-Threat Blow-and-Go Retain sample Understand threat Retains evidence Quickly assume operations No extra resources needed Clear scene Collect evidence Safely detonate Continue operations

Home Made Explosives (HME) One of the greatest challenges for EOD Easy to Make – Internet Recipes Can be extremely sensitive, rough handling may cause detonation The FirstDefender can scan through translucent containers Allows you to take a scan without disturbing the sample Most of the known precursors for HME are detectable by the FirstDefender Hydrogen Peroxide Sulfuric Acid Acetone

Scenarios Clandestine Laboratories Methamphetamine Labs Post Blast Home made Laboratory discovered in residence or abandoned building filled with unlabeled flasks and containers Could be narcotics, explosives or benign liquids Taking a sample can risk detonation FirstDefender’s ability to sample through containers facilitates non-contact sampling Methamphetamine Labs Home made drug labs is residence or buildings Many dangerous toxic chemicals and booby traps Possible chemical vapor spread in detonation Post Blast Residual Material from an explosion scene can be scanned to identify the remaining explosive material Cannot identify ash or post-explosive material Chemical enhancers and precursors can be tested as well

Success Stories

U.S. State & Local Orlando International Airport April, 2008 “A Jamaican planning to board a flight at Orlando International Airport was detained and questioned by FBI agents Tuesday after they found components for pipe bombs and explosive and flammable liquids in his checked luggage…….including two vodka bottles with flammable nitro methane” Orlando Sentinel, June 23, 2008 “I definitely want to commend AHURA on its ease of access to the analyzed data” Law Enforcement official onsite at the incident Key Customers St. Paul MN PD Bomb Squad Oklahoma Highway Patrol Albuquerque Police Dept Tampa International Airport Police Explosives unit Tallahassee Bomb Squad Florida Fire Marshall's office Massachusetts State Police EOD Austin Police Dept

U.S. Federal Military U.S. Military FirstDefender Customer “To whom it may concern, my team is currently deployed to Iraq.  We use your FirstDefender on most every mission.  It is one of the best if not the best instruments we use.  I am in need of a price list for all of the expendable items that you have listed on your website under Parts and Accessories.  If you could send me the prices I would appreciate it. Thank You” Key Customers U.S. Military (Air Force, Army, Marine Corp, National Guard) Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms and Explosives Department of Homeland Security - Customs and Border Protection Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco

International Canadian Department of Defense Japanese Ministry of Defense United Kingdom MOD China Olympics Israel Military

Key Partnerships – U.S. ATF (Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives agency within the Dept of Justice) Provides Training to Bomb Techs ATF Teams FirstDefender incorporated into training curriculum HDS (Hazardous Device School for FBI) All certified bomb technicians attend HDS NBRCT (Louisiana State University) (National Center for Biomedical Research & Training Academy of Counter-Terrorist Education) http://www.ncbrt.lsu.edu/ IABTI Recommended Product List International Association of Bomb Technicians - pending approval Tom Thurman Former FBI Agent and Director of Explosives Center 3rd party performance and capability testing complete

Key Partnership Targets – International DSTL Defense Science & Technology Laboratory UK HOSDB Home Office Scientific Development Branch UK IEDs for Police London Metropolitan Police BKA Bundeskriminalamt Germany National Investigative Police Agency (Federal Ministry of the Interior)

Spectra for explosives: Peroxide-based  TATP (triacetone triperoxide)   MEKP (methylethylketone peroxide)   Again as we look at the spectra we can see distinct differences between each chemical, and we see that the chemical structures on the right are also unique.  HMTD (hexamethylene triperoxidediamine) 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Raman shift (D cm-1)