Neurology Dr Chris Derry Consultant Neurologist Department of Clinical Neurosciences WGH, Edinburgh

Outline What is neurology? What is a neurologist? Elements of neurological diagnosis History Examination Demonstration Signs/ videos Laboratory tests Final diagnosis

What is Neurology? The medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis, investigation and management of disorders of the nervous system. Clinical neurosciences vs basic neurosciences Nervous system Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

What does a neurologist do? Diagnostics of nervous system disease Traditional role Management of acute neurological conditions Status epilepticus, encephalitis, acute stroke etc Management of chronic neurological diseases Epilepsy, parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis Research

Other nervous system specialists… Neurosurgeon Surgical treatment of neurological disease. Open and stereotactic procedures Neuroradiologist Neuroimaging. Interventional neuroradiology Neurophysiologist EEG, NCV/EMG, evoked potentials Neuropathologist Biopsy analysis, autopsy Psychiatrist Mental illness

Why are patients referred to a Neurologist? GP Neurological symptoms worrying patient/ doctor headache/ numbness/ weakness Other specialists Neurological complications of other diseases Confusing clinical pictures Many tests not definitive Some invasive/expensive

Example… 32 year old female. Background of migraine Persistent daily headache for 1/12 Worsening headache, presented to A&E Admitted, MRI Does she have MS?

Making a neurological diagnosis Where is the problem? CNS (brain/ spinal cord) Nerves Muscle What is the nature of the problem? ‘vascular’ ‘inflammatory’ ‘infection’ ‘neoplastic’ etc.. 3. What is the definitive diagnosis?

How are those stages reached? History 80% of diagnostic information Particularly useful for localisation and mechanism Examination Can confirm localisation Investigations Can help with pathological/ definitive diagnosis

The neurological history Presenting complaint Headache, blackouts, dizziness, weakness, sensory symptoms, memory difficulties etc etc etc Evolution of symptoms Acute, subacute, chronic Episodic, persistent Systematic review Additional neurological symptoms. ?Focal, multifocal or systemic disorder

The neurological history Previous medical history Earlier neurological symptoms, including symptoms seemingly unconnected Family history Many neurological disorders have a genetic basis Social history Consequences for job, family, driving, hobbies, sport, recreation Smoking, alcohol Drug history

Neurological examination After the history, you usually have a fair idea of: Where the lesion is Type of lesion And you may also know the final diagnosis… Examination serves several purposes Confirm localisation/ hypothesis testing e.g Spinal cord vs peripheral nerve Screening for unsuspected abnormalities Closely observe patient behaviours Reassure patient Think!

Neurological examination Cognition (Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination) Cranial nerves Limbs Inspection (wasting etc) Tone Power Co-ordination Reflexes Sensation Romberg’s/ Unterberger’s/ Hallpike’s Gait

1. Cranial nerves ‘Head’ functions (including special senses) Smell Sight Facial sensation Facial movements Taste Hearing Tongue movements Swallowing

Cranial nerve II (optic nerve)

Cranial nerves II, IV, VI

Cranial nerves II, IV, VI

Cranial nerve VII

Cranial nerve XII

Limb Examination UPPER LOWER EXTREMITIES Neck movement and strength Motor function Muscle bulk Tone Power Reflexes Co-ordination Sensory examination AXIAL EXAMINATION Shoulder girdle muscles Curvature Rise from supine Abdominal reflexes Unterberger’s Romberg’s Hallpike’s

Some “Spot” diagnoses Parkinson’s Disease Huntingdon’s Chorea

Investigations

CT (computed tomography)

CT (computed tomography)

Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging Similar looking machinery to CT No radiation source Works via powerful magnets Very high definition of anatomy eg white matter v grey Better than CT for detecting most brain pathology, particularly small/subtle abnormalities

MRI

Nuclear medicine

Lumbar puncture

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Case 32 year old female. Background of migraine Persistent daily headache for 1/12 Worsening headache, presented to A&E Admitted, MRI Does she have MS?

Assessment Full history Remote neurological episodes (even minor) Family history Examination findings suggestive of previous neurological events Consider investigations repeating MRI lumbar puncture Uncertainty may persist…