Physiological role of insulin Release of insulin by beta cells –Response to elevated blood glucose level –Effects of insulin Somewhat global Major effects.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Long-term Complications of Type 2 Diabetes
Advertisements

GLUCAGON AND ADRENALINE ACTION - REGULATION OF METABOLISM
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (MLT 301) CARBOHYDRATE LECTURE ONE
Glucose Homeostasis  brain has high consumption of glucose –uses ~20% of RMR –1° fuel for energy  during exercise, working muscle competes with brain.
Hormonal control of circulating nutrients Overview: The need for glucose and nutrient homeostasis Interchange of nutrients / fuel stores Insulin:secretion.
Chapter 5 Hormonal Responses to Exercise
Regulation of Metabolism How does the body know when to increase metabolism? Slow metabolism? What might be some indicators of energy status within the.
THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS: Located partially behind the stomach, the pancreas is a mixed gland composed of both endocrine and exocrine cells. Located partially.
Hormonal control and responses
Homeostatic Control of Metabolism
PANCREATIC HORMONES Dr. Amel Eassawi 1. OBJECTIVES The student should be able to:  Know the cell types associated with the endocrine pancreas.  Discuss.
Integration of Metabolism (Chapter 23) - Overview - Insulin : o Structure of insulin o Synthesis of insulin o Regulation of insulin secretion Metabolic.
Biological effects of GH Somatotropic –Growth and cell proliferation IGF-I mediated Metabolic –Direct action of GH IGF-I independent Many tissues All nutrients.
Endocrine Physiology PANCREAS Dr. Meg-angela Christi M. Amores.
Hormones that Affect Blood Sugar Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol.
Introduction: a general overview of the endocrine system.
Hormones that Affect Blood Sugar
Hormonal Control of Nutrient Metabolism and Storage
Absorptive (fed) state
Control of Energy The Original Biofuels. Importance of Glucose Regulation Too little – Brain problems Too much –Osmotic water loss (cellular and systemic)
صدق الله العظيم الاسراء اية 58. By Dr. Abdel Aziz M. Hussein Lecturer of Physiology Member of American Society of Physiology Regulation of Blood Glucose.
Chapter 5 Hormonal Responses to Exercise
Section VIII. Section VIII. Tissue metabolism Many tissues carry out specialized functions: Ch. 43 – look at different hormones affect metabolism of fuels,
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism Alice Skoumalová.
Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
Regulation of Metabolism Lecture 28-Kumar
Regulating Blood Sugar Islets of Langerhans groups of cells in the pancreas beta cells produce insulin alpha cells produce glucagon.
Brooks ch 9 p ; –Some small sections already covered Outline Maintenance of Blood Glucose during exercise –Feed forward Control - SNS –Feed.
Integration of Metabolism
Endocrine Block Glucose Homeostasis Dr. Usman Ghani.
ENDOCRINE PANCREAS. Anatomy Location Pancreatic Islets (of Langerhans) –Alpha cells –Beta cells –Delta cells –F-cells.
PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY THIRD EDITION Cindy L. Stanfield | William J. Germann PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by W.H. Preston, College of the.
Metabolic effects of Insulin and Glucagon Metabolism in the Well fed state Metabolism in the Starvation and Diabetes Mellitus Integration of Metabolism.
Energy Requirements Living tissue is maintained by constant expenditure of energy (ATP). ATP is Indirectly generated from –glucose, fatty acids, ketones,
Glucose Homeostasis By Dr. Sumbul Fatma.
Human Endocrine Physiology May 8, Lungs Actions of AII and Aldosterone Angiotensin II Stimulates aldosterone secretion Causes vasoconstriction.
Endocrine Physiology The Endocrine Pancreas. A triangular gland, which has both exocrine and endocrine cells, located behind the stomach Strategic location.
Insulin and C-peptide Date – Time – 9.30 – 10.30
Endocrine System and Exercise Glucose uptake increases during exercise  Release from kidneys, gut, and liver  Make new from 3-carbon molecules (LA,
Endocrine Physiology The Endocrine Pancreas Dr. Khalid Al-Regaiey.
Substrate Breakdown The free Energy of oxidation of a food is the amount of energy liberated by the complete oxidation of the food.
Dr. Hany Ahmed Assistant Professor of Physiology (MD, PhD) Al Maarefa Colleges (KSA) & Zagazig University (Egypt) Specialist of Diabetes, Metabolism and.
Hormones that Affect Blood Sugar
Thermoregulation, Glucose Metabolism, and Frog Reflexes Lab 1 st Quiz 18 Sept 2009 Circle the letter of all correct responses for each question! Write.
Endocrine System Lecture 3 Pancreatic gland and its hormones Asso. Professor Dr Than Kyaw 24 September 2012.
GLUCAGON. Glucagon: is secreted when “Glucose is GONE” Peptide hormone made of 29 amino acids. MW: 3485 Has several functions that are dramatically opposite.
Selected Hormonal Issues Relating to Exercise and Substrate Use.
Regulation of Glucose metabolism Mahmoud A. Alfaqih BDS PhD Jordan University of Science and Technology Lippincott’s illustrated reviews: Biochemistry.
Hormonal Control During Exercise. Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones Several endocrine glands in body; each may produce more than one hormone Hormones.
What triggers Insulin release? Elevated blood glucose levels stimulate pancreatic beta cells to produce and release insulin into the circulation.
Metabolic effects of insulin & glucagon
Endocrine System (part 2) Keri Muma Bio 6. Pancreas Located behind the stomach Has both exocrine and endocrine functions.
Endocrine function of Pancreas Insulin-secretion, action and regulation.
Chapter 5: Hormonal Responses to Exercise EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, 5 th edition Scott K. Powers & Edward.
Endocrine Block Glucose Homeostasis Dr. Usman Ghani.
Unit 1 Lesson 6 Activity 3- Insulin and the Human Body
Glucagon – A hormone from pancreas Lecture NO:1st BDS
Integration of Metabolism
The Endocrine Pancreas
Insulin - A hormone from Pancreas Lecture NO : 02nd MBBS
Glucose Homeostasis By Dr. Sumbul Fatma.
Hormonal regulation of metabolism
Anatomy & Physiology II
A or alpha cells, secrete glucagon. B or beta cells, secrete insulin. The pancreas is a two different organs contained within one structure:-  Exocrine.
Insulin and Glucagon Kamilah Gonzalez.
Integration of Metabolism
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
Endocrine System Anatomy and Physiology
Glucagon – A hormone from pancreas Lecture NO: 2nd MBBS
The Endocrine Pancreas
Presentation transcript:

Physiological role of insulin Release of insulin by beta cells –Response to elevated blood glucose level –Effects of insulin Somewhat global Major effects on muscle, adipose tissues, and liver –Increased glucose uptake Glucose –Energy source –Glycogen synthesis

Increased hepatic glycogen synthesis –Increased glycogen synthase activity –Increased synthesis of glucose-6-P Prevention of glucose release

Effects on adipocytes –Glycerol synthesis Increased glucose metabolism –Increased lipoprotein metabolism Lipoprotein lipase –Increased free fatty acids release –net results Increased triglyceride synthesis

Effects on adipocytes –Enzymes activated by insulin Citrate lipase Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Fatty acid synthase Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Effects on muscle –Increased transport of glucose and amino acids Increased synthesis of proteins –Energy from glucose Maintenance of potassium homeostasis –Increased K uptake Extreme concentrations of insulin –Extracellular hypokalemia

Mechanism of insulin action Insulin receptor –Similar to type I IGF receptor Two sets of subunits (alpha and beta) Insulin binding –Alpha Receptor tyrosine kinase –Beta –Phosphorylation of intracellular domain Docking sites for intracellular proteins –Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)

Phosphorylation of IRS-1 –Secondary messenger system Somewhat complicated –Ca ions –PKA –PKC Activation of glucose transport system

Effects on glucose transport system –Glucose transport Facilitated diffusion Diverse –Types of proteins –Tissue-dependent distribution pattern –Evolved to accommodate specific energy needs

Physiological role of glycogen Decreased blood glucose level –Insulin-induced –Subsequent elevation of glucose Glycogen break-down Gluconeogenesis Glycogen –Antagonistic to insulin Gluconeogenesis Glycogen break-down

–Short-term maintenance of glucose level Gluconeogenesis –Long-term Exercise Fasting Neonates

Effects on amino acid and lipid metabolism –Used as precursor for gluconeogenesis Amino acids Glycerol –Lipolysis Release of free fatty acids and glycerol –Substrate for glucose synthesis Occurs when insulin concentrations are low –Potent inhibitor of lipolysis

Undernutrition/fasting –Prevention of hypoglycemia Reduced insulin level Elevated glucagon Adrenal catecholamines –Critical if glucagon is low

Mechanism of glucagon action Target organs –Liver –Adipose tissues

Interaction of glucagon with its receptor –Increased cAMP production Activation of PKA system –Glycogen break-down –Gluconeogenesis –Lipolysis Inhibition of ketone formation from free fatty acid metabolism by liver –Glucose sparing effects (use of fatty acids as energy source)

Control of pancreatic islet function Several factors –Hormones –Nervous system –Metabolic signals –Blood glucose level Most important Hyperglycemia –Stimulation of insulin secretion –Inhibition of glucagon synthesis

Adrenal and neural catercholamines –Adrenal epinephrine Inhibition of insulin secretion –Alpha receptor-mediated –Glucose availability during stress Stimulation of glucagon secretion –Epinephrine and norepinephrine –Activation of beta receptors

Amino acids and other metabolites (acetoacetic acid) –Increased insulin secretion Protein synthesis Fatty acid synthesis –Increased glucagon secretion Prevention of hypoglycemia –Counteracts effects of insulin Abolished when CHO and proteins are ingested together

Stimulation by GI tract (entero-insular axis) –Secretion of gastrointestinal inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagonlike peptide 1 (GLP-1) Response to orally ingested glucose Stimulates secretion of insulin GLP-1 stimulates cAMP production Secretion of insulin above the level secreted in response to glucose alone –Beta cells must be “competent” to respond to increased glucose level

Stimulation by GI tract (entero-insular axis) –Secretion of gastrointestinal inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagonlike peptide 1 (GLP-1) Inhibition of glucagon secretion –Elevated glucose level –Elevated insulin level

Neural control –Vagus nerves Stimulate insulin secretion Endocrine factors –Glucose homeostasis GH –Diabetogenic (stimulates insulin secretion but reduces peripheral insulin sensitivity) Glucocorticoids

Glucose counterregulation Glucose –Primary energy source for brain No gluconeogenesis No glycogen No regulatory mechanisms for level of uptake –Prevention of hypoglycemia Decreased insulin secretion Increased glucagon secretion Release of epinephrine