polymers The most important biological compounds are polymers many Polymers (poly = many) proteins, carbohydrates, lipids nucleic acids  The polymers are: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA). monomers  A polymer is made up of a chain of many monomers linked together

MONOMERS (mono = one) amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, nucleotides.  Monomers are: amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and nucleotides. (dehydration synthesis) (hydrolysis)  These are made (dehydration synthesis) or broken down (hydrolysis) over and over in living cells.

_______________ Large polymers are also called _______________ macromolecules Macromolecules are formed by _________________, usually by reactions involving the loss of water = ________________________. joining monomers DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

____________ are joined together during dehydration synthesis. Chains of monomers are called _________ MONOMERS POLYMERS Note: enzymes that speed up dehydration synthesis reactions are called _____________. dehydrogenases

Note: enzymes that speed up hydrolysis reactions are called __________ hydrolases The breaking of a polymer into units is ______________ (i.e. done by adding water to polymer). HYDROLYSIS

Polymers Monomers (sub units)

Polymers a) b) c) d)

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d)

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d) Hydrolysis

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d) H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d) Monomers a) b) c) d) H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d) Monomers a) Simple sugars b) c) d) H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d) Monomers a) Simple sugars b) c) d) H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d) Monomers a) Simple sugars b) c) d) H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d) Monomers a) Simple sugars b) c) d) H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis H 2 O & Energy

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) d) Monomers a) Simple sugars b) c) d) H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis H 2 O & Energy

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) d) Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) d) H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis H 2 O & Energy

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) d) H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis H 2 O & Energy

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) Fatty Acids & Glycerol d) H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis H 2 O & Energy

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) DNA/RNA (nucleic acids) Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) Fatty Acids & Glycerol d) H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis H 2 O & Energy

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) DNA/RNA (nucleic acids) Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) Fatty Acids & Glycerol d) Nucleotides H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis H 2 O & Energy

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) DNA/RNA (nucleic acids) Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) Fatty Acids & Glycerol d) Nucleotides H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis H 2 O & Energy These reactions require: 1.

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) DNA/RNA (nucleic acids) Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) Fatty Acids & Glycerol d) Nucleotides H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis H 2 O & Energy These reactions require: 1.ATP energy

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) DNA/RNA (nucleic acids) Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) Fatty Acids & Glycerol d) Nucleotides H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis H 2 O & Energy These reactions require: 1.ATP energy 2.Water

Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) DNA/RNA (nucleic acids) Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) Fatty Acids & Glycerol d) Nucleotides H 2 O & Energy Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis H 2 O & Energy These reactions require: 1.ATP energy 2.Water 3.Enzymes

Where does the name come from? (CH 2 0)n Hydrated Carbons: (CH 2 0)n (CH 2 0)n Carbohydrates have the empirical formula of (CH 2 0)n where n = the # of times the chain is repeated. 1:2:1 The carbons, hydrogens and oxygens are found in the ratio of 1:2:1 and are made up of a repeating chain of sugars. saccarides Sugars are also known as saccarides. ose Carbohydrates usually end in ‘ose’. Can you think of any examples? (CH 2 0) 3 =(CH 2 0) 6 = C3H603C3H603C3H603C3H603 C 6 H

GLUCOSE C 6 H 12 O 6. The basic sugar molecule is GLUCOSE: C 6 H 12 O 6. ring Glucose has a ring structure. fructose, ribose, deoxyribose Other monosaccharides include fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

6 sided =HEXOSE PENTOSE 5 sided = PENTOSE C 6 H 12 O 6

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS When two sugars bind together via DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS a disaccharide is formed.

maltose glucose + glucose forms the sugar maltose sucrose glucose + fructose forms the sugar sucrose lactose galactose + glucose forms the sugar lactose

When many sugars bind together via dehydration synthesis four types of polysaccharides may be formed: StarchStarch GlycogenGlycogen CelluloseCellulose ChitinChitin

cell walls The cell walls of plants are made of cellulose long chainsno side chains They are long chains of glucose molecules with no side chains. The linkage between the Carbon atoms of the sugars is different than starch and glycogen No mammal can break this bond cannot digestFIBRE5. This is why we cannot digest cellulose = FIBRE.

Plants store their energyPlants store their energy as starch Starch is made up of many glucose molecules linked together few side chainsStarch has few side chains

Animals store their energy (extra glucose) as glycogen Animals store their energy (extra glucose) as glycogen liver and musclesWe store glycogen in our liver and muscles Glycogen is made up of many glucose molecules linked together many side chains Glycogen has many side chains

animals and fungi Made by animals and fungi covalent bonds Long glucose chains linked with covalent bonds. strong Very strong exo-skeletons claws Makes structures like exo-skeletons, fingernails, claws, and beaks

1. Energybonds are brokenreleased 1. Energy: when the bonds between Carbon atoms are broken, the energy released can be used by cells. Carbohydrates are the primary energy molecules for all life. 2. Structural cell wall 2. Structural: Cellulose is the major structural compound in plants (is used in the cell wall).

C,H,O Lipids are made up of the elements C,H,O but in no set ratio. insoluble in water Lipids are large molecules that are insoluble in water.

Synthesis of a FAT animation:

3 fatty acids 1 glycerol 1.Composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to 1 glycerol. long chain 2.Fatty acids contain a long chain of Carbons with an acid end. small 3 Carbon chain 3.Glycerol is a small 3 Carbon chain with 3 alcohol (OH) groups 4.These two molecules bind together via dehydration synthesis

1. Saturated fats: no double bonds There are no double bonds in the carbon chains of the fatty acids. hydrogens The carbons are filled with hydrogens. Unhealthy Unhealthy. animals They mostly come from animals. solid Become solid at room temperature. butter Examples: lard, butter, animal fats…

2. Unsaturated fats: monounsaturated double bondspolyunsaturated There are one (monounsaturated) or more double bonds (polyunsaturated). plants Mostly come from plants. liquid They are liquid at room temperature.Healthy olive oil Examples: olive oil, corn oil, palm oil…

cell membrane Are used to make up the two layered cell membrane of all cells. third fatty acid replaced by phosphate groupPO 4 3- In phospholipids, the third fatty acid group of a triglyceride is replaced by an inorganic phosphate group (PO 4 3- ).

polar end This creates a polar end: phosphatehydrophilic The phosphate end is water soluble (hydrophilic) fatty acidhydrophobic The fatty acid is not water soluble (hydrophobic)

A liposome is an artificially-prepared vesicle composed of a lipid bilayer. The liposome can be used as a vehicle for administration of nutrients and pharmaceutical drugs. Liposomes can be prepared by disrupting biological membranes

hydrophobic hydrophilic

water insoluble Steroids structurally look very different from lipids, but are also water insoluble. 4 Carbon ring They are made up of 4 Carbon ring molecules fused together. testosterone cholesterolD Examples: testosterone, estrogen, cholesterol, and vitamin D. sex hormones Used as sex hormones

1.Long term storage for energy 1.Long term storage for energy (more efficient spacewise than glycogen or starch). 2.Insulation protection 2.Insulation and protection in animals hormones 3.Making some hormones (steroids) cell membranes 4.Structure of cell membranes. Without lipids, we would have no cells.

Found in fish and leafy vegetables Other foods are now offering omega-3’s (eggs, cereals, margarine…) Help to reduce cancer Helps with vision Helps us think better

Scientific evidence has shown that dietary saturated and trans fats can increase your risk of developing heart disease.