Disaster Prevention of a High Speed Rail System – Lessons learnt in a recent earthquake T.C. Kao Vice President - Engineering (retired) Taiwan HSR Corp. Professor National Taiwan University Visiting Scholar and Professor University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign N ational T aiwan U niversity

Disaster Prevention System

How to prevent ? Strengthen infrastructure Installing protection measures Installing disaster warning systems Operation of procedures Training

Disasters Earthquake Strong wind Heavy rainfall Flood Landslide Rock fall Avalanche Vehicular intrusion

5 Design for Safety Appropriate loading, Speed & Specifications Easy to evacuate the passenger under abnormal conditions –emergency exits cases at least every 3000m To contain the train on viaduct in case of derailment –To provide derailment protection wall on both sides of tracks.

Protective Systems

Disaster Warning Systems Wind Velocity Detector Flood Detector Rain Fall Detector Land Slide Detector Track Safety Protection Equip. Earthquake Detector Vehicle Fall Detection Rock Fall Detector Signal O3 loop Switch Machine Track Circuit Disaster warning systems Substation

THSRC Disaster Warning Systems Earthquake – 51 (11 Main + 40 Sub) Strong Wind – 21 Heavy Rain – 18 Flood – 42 Landslide – 60 Rock Fall – 96 Intrusion of Vehicles – 34

Example – THSRC TRAIN OPERATION RESTRICTION RULES FOR EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

Area of control/ Operation restriction area

THSRC disaster warning system sole Universal Console > 120 gal > 80 gal > 40 gal

Operation Restriction Rules for Natural Hazards (THSRC-BL ) Earthquake LevelTrain Operation Restriction within Affected Area Emergency Patrol by Maintenance staff (Civil, Track, & OCS Staff) Alarm Level StrengthStop trains immediately Train Operation Stop Train Speed Restriction (Note 1) Ground Patrol to Resume Operation 1 ≧ 40gal ＜ 80gal (4.0 to 4.4 Richter) Yes None (Resume operation Bas directed by OCC) Under 70km/h (30km/h in special cases (Note 2)) None 2 ≧ 80gal ＜ 120gal (4.5 to 4.9 Richter) Yes Under 70km/h (30km/h in special cases (Note 2)) Yes Ground Patrol and inspection of specific infrastructure points in the affected area by the Civil, Track & OCS staff. 3 ≧ 120gal (5.0 and above) Yes Under 70km/h (30km/h in special cases (Note 2)) Yes Ground Patrol and inspection in the affected area by the Civil, Track & OCS staff. Note 1: According to the line condition by construction, weather, etc. and regard a more serious Train Speed Restriction is needed, the Train Speed Restriction shall follow the recommendation of the Permanent Way. Note 2: Considering the weather condition of Continuous Rainfall, temperature visibility etc.

Document Tree for Response to Natural Hazards Maintenance procedure to response to Earthquake Operation Implementation Regulation THSRC-CF Train Operation Restriction Rules for Natural Hazards THSRC-BL Disaster Warning System Operation Regulation to Respond to Earthquake Maintenance Procedure to Respond to Earthquake

Implementation of Procedures Operation Implementation Regulation THSRC-CF Maintenance procedure to response to Earthquake Train Controller Power Controller Facility Controller Chief Controller Passenger Service Controller Timetable Controller Train Crew & Trainset Controller

Rainfall operation controls

2010 Kaohsiung Earthquake (March 4, 2010)

What happen? The Earthquake The impact on the train operation The reaction of the disaster warning system The passenger experience

Magnitude 6.4 Earthquake a max 0.29 g

Landslide in adjacent area

Six trains affected Train # Speed (Km/hr)

How the train react? ( Train # 110) DWS trigger ATC ground On board Brake applied 1.2 sec0.67 sec Total 1.87 sec 08 19:11 TK : :12.87 Bogie Instability Detector alarm 08 19: :28 Train stop TK kph TK kph TK km (76 sec)

Six trains affected Train # Speed (Km/hr) Time(sec) Distance (km)

The passenger experience 8:06 am boarding the north bound HST # 101 Suddenly, the train started vibrating and became more severely. Hitting rock, dust came up Felt helpless Subside & finally stop Announcement: “ Waiting for reason of train stop.” Announcement: “ Due to earthquake…..”

The passenger experience (cont’d) Communication with outside world Fire broke out in nearby factory Headcounts About 2 hours later start disembarking Excited to walk on a railway and take photo with the derailed train.

End Any questions?