16.9 The Doppler Effect. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or pitch of a wave for an observer moving relative to its source.

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Presentation transcript:

16.9 The Doppler Effect

The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or pitch of a wave for an observer moving relative to its source.

Source Moving Towards Observer

Source Moving –v s ….when the source moves towards the observer. +v s.… when the source moves away from the observer.

Moving Observer

In the above equation +v o is used when the observer moves towards the source and –v o is used when the observer moves away from the source.

Doppler Effect General Case

+v o is used when the observer moves towards the source, –v o is used when the observer moves away from the source, –v s is used when the source moves towards the observer, and +v s is used when the source moves away from the observer.

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16.10 Applications of Sound in Medicine 1.Ultrasonic Scanner 2.The cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) 3.Bloodless surgery: High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) 4.The Doppler flow meter

Ultrasonic Scanner

The cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) Neurosurgeons use a cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) to “cut out” brain tumors without adversely affecting the surrounding healthy tissue.

Bloodless surgery High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) Another application of ultrasound is in a new type of bloodless surgery, which can eliminate abnormal cells, such as those in benign hyperplasia of the prostate gland. This technique is known as HIFU (high-intensity focused ultrasound). It is analogous to focusing the sun’s electromagnetic waves by using a magnifying glass and producing a small region where the energy carried by the waves can cause localized heating. Ultrasonic waves can be used in a similar fashion. The waves enter directly through the skin and come into focus inside the body over a region that is sufficiently well defined to be surgically useful. Within this region the energy of the waves causes localized heating, leading to a temperature of about 56 °C (normal body temperature is 37 °C), which is sufficient to kill abnormal cells. The killed cells are eventually removed by the body’s natural processes.

Doppler Flow Meter A Doppler flow meter measures the speed of red blood cells.