International Space Station Origin: The international space station project began as a cooperative agreement to build and operate a large orbital station for the benefit of the international participants Space Station Freedom was announced in 1983 as part of President Regan’s space exploration initiative International participants included (as major contributors): USA USA ESA ESA Japan Japan Italy Italy Brazil Brazil

Space Station Freedom – Dual Keel

Space Station Freedom - Baseline

Space Station Freedom Budget problems inside and outside of NASA reduced Space Station Freedom’s scale to the Phase 1 (Baseline) Initial hardware fabrication for SSF started by 1990, so the ISS design inherited many of the SSF features Initial hardware fabrication for SSF started by 1990, so the ISS design inherited many of the SSF features Main truss assembly retained Main truss assembly retained Solar arrays attached to each end of the truss remained Solar arrays attached to each end of the truss remained Modular research module concept was retained and based on Space Shuttle payload bay size limitations Modular research module concept was retained and based on Space Shuttle payload bay size limitations

International Space Station Collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 presented both Russia and the U.S. with cooperative space opportunities The U.S. could benefit from Russia’s vast experience in space station operations to enhance its SSF project The U.S. could benefit from Russia’s vast experience in space station operations to enhance its SSF project Proposals were made in 1992/1993 to combine the U.S. and Russian space station efforts Proposals were made in 1992/1993 to combine the U.S. and Russian space station efforts Included the SSF international partners Included the SSF international partners

International Space Station Alpha These agreements were the birth of the International Space Station Alpha These agreements were the birth of the International Space Station Alpha Later renamed International Space Station Later renamed International Space Station

International Space Station Implementation of the partnership between the U.S. and Russia and the original SSF partners consisted of a 10-year assembly schedule divided into in three phases Phase One - Shuttle/Mir Flights Shuttle-Mir Program would provide flight experience to reduce International Space Station assembly and operations risks Phase Two - Human-Tended Capability Space station human-tended capability offered frequent, extended research lab access until permanent operations Phase Three - Permanent Habitation International Space Station begins permanent habitation and operations with Soyuz crew vehicles docked for emergency return

International Space Station ISS preliminary specs Orbital altitude km Orbit inclination51.6 o On-orbit mass (complete)450,000 kg (980,000 lb) Launches (assembly)45+ Design lifetime15 years Major modules10 Major components~100

International Space Station Freedom – Complete

International Space Station Assembly Next launched was the P5 truss spacer Attached outboard of the P3/P4 PVA truss element Provides clearance for P6 attached outboard of P3/P4 Launched on STS-116 December 7, 2006

International Space Station Assembly

Assembly began with the Russian flight module Zaria Design was from a Salyut resupply module called TKS Design was from a Salyut resupply module called TKS Now called the FGB – a Russian acronym for Functional Cargo Block Now called the FGB – a Russian acronym for Functional Cargo Block Launched on a Proton booster November 20, 1998 Launched on a Proton booster November 20, 1998 First element of the ISS launched First element of the ISS launched Built in Russia, paid for by the U.S. Built in Russia, paid for by the U.S.

International Space Station Assembly Next element launched was the connecting node identified as Node 1 and named Unity Docked to the Zaria module with a Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA) Docked to the Zaria module with a Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA) Developed during the Phase 1 Shuttle-Mir flights Developed during the Phase 1 Shuttle-Mir flights Allowed Shuttle docking to the ISS with a small Russian docking port Allowed Shuttle docking to the ISS with a small Russian docking port Larger U.S. docking unit is called the Common Berthing Adapter Larger U.S. docking unit is called the Common Berthing Adapter Launched on Launched on STS-88 December 4, 1998

Photo of Node 1 Unity attached to the forward and aft Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMAs) (left, or aft, is docked to the Zaria FGB)

International Space Station Assembly Next element launched was the Russian Service Module (SM) named Zvezda Zvezda provided flight control and habitation capability Painful delays in launch created friction between U.S. and Russia Launched on a Proton booster July 12, 2000 Updated version of the Mir core module

Sketch of Zvezda (left), docked to Zaria (center), which is docked to Unity (right)

International Space Station Assembly Next element attached to the ISS structure was the Z1 truss segment Housed CMGs and communications gear Housed CMGs and communications gear Berthed on Node I Unity Berthed on Node I Unity Used as temporary mount for P-6 photovoltaic array Used as temporary mount for P-6 photovoltaic array Launched on STS-92 October 11, 2000 Launched on STS-92 October 11, 2000

International Space Station Assembly Next element launched was the P6 outboard PVA array Launched early to provide power for Destiny laboratory Attached temporarily to the top of Z1 Launched on STS-97 November 30, 2000

International Space Station Assembly Next element launched was the U.S. laboratory named Destiny Launched on STS-98 February 7, 2001 Attached to Node 1 Unity Attached directly to ISS truss structure (S0) and Unity as the primary mechanical connection between truss and modules

ISS Assembly – Destiny being extracted from the Payload Bay of Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-98)

ISS – Inside Destiny

International Space Station Assembly Next launched was Joint Airlock Quest Attached to Node 1 Unity Quest provided EVA capability Atmosphere supply Hypobaric and hyperbaric chamber Space suit storage Launched on STS-104 July 12, 2001

International Space Station Assembly Next launched was the S0 truss segment Center truss piece Center truss piece Attached directly to the Destiny laboratory Attached directly to the Destiny laboratory Truss elements S1 and P1 attached to the ends of S0 Truss elements S1 and P1 attached to the ends of S0 Launched on STS-110 April 8, 2001 Launched on STS-110 April 8, 2001

International Space Station Assembly Next launched was the S1 truss segment S1 is starboard truss element outboard of S0 (opposite to later P1 segment) S1 is starboard truss element outboard of S0 (opposite to later P1 segment) Includes radiator assembly (above S1 arrow) Includes radiator assembly (above S1 arrow) Launched on STS-112 October, Launched on STS-112 October,

International Space Station – Mobile Transporter Mobile Transporter Primary payload on STS-112 MT is designed to carry astronauts, equipment and Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS) along the truss MT is designed to carry astronauts, equipment and Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS) along the truss Pictured in highlight being attached to the S1 segment during assembly EVA Pictured in highlight being attached to the S1 segment during assembly EVA

International Space Station Assembly Next launched was the P1 truss segment P1 is the port truss element outboard of S0 (opposite S1 already attached) Includes radiator assembly Launched on STS-113 November 23, 2002

International Space Station Assembly Next launched was the P3/P4 PVA array Attached outboard of the P1 truss element Attached outboard of the P1 truss element Launched on STS-115 September 9, 2006 Launched on STS-115 September 9, 2006

International Space Station Assembly Next launched was the P5 truss spacer Attached outboard of the P3/P4 PVA truss element Provides clearance for P6 attached outboard of P3/P4 Launched on STS-116 December 7, 2006

International Space Station Assembly Next in sequence was the S3/S4 PVA array Attached to outboard end of S1 truss segment Launched on STS-117 June 8, 2007

International Space Station Assembly Next in sequence was the S5 truss spacer Attached outboard of the S3/S4 truss element Launched on STS-118 August 8, 2007

International Space Station Assembly Next in sequence is Node 2 - Harmony Attached to US Lab Destiny (PMA docking adapter moved from Destiny to outboard port of Node 1) Launched on STS-120 October 23, 2007

Node 1 Harmony in Kennedy Space Center Processing Facility

International Space Station Assembly Next launched was the ESA Columbus Orbital Facility module Attached to Node 2 Attached to Node 2 Launched on STS-122 January, 2008 Launched on STS-122 January, 2008

International Space Station Assembly – Columbus Module

International Space Station Assembly Next launched was the Japanese Experiment Module – Experiment Logistics Module (JEM ELM PS) Attached to Node 2 Launched on STS- 123 March 11, 2008

International Space Station Assembly Next launched was the Kibo Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) and Japanese Remote Manipulator System (JEM RMS) Attached to Node 2 Launched on STS-124 May 31, 2008

International Space Station Assembly Next scheduled is the S6 PVA array truss assembly Attached outboard of the S3/S4 truss element Launched on STS-119 in March 15, 2009

International Space Station Assembly Next scheduled was the Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility (ELM-ES) Attached to JEM Pressuruized Module Launched on STS- 127 July 15, 2009

International Space Station Assembly Six crew capability established at this point ISS crew capacity limited by 1. Life support facilities 2. Emergency crew return vehicle capacity docked to ISS Emergency crew return vehicle is the Soyuz crew vehicle which has a capacity of 3 Emergency crew return vehicle is the Soyuz crew vehicle which has a capacity of 3 2 nd Soyuz vehicle docked to ISS for expanded crew emergency return capability 2 nd Soyuz vehicle docked to ISS for expanded crew emergency return capability

International Space Station Assembly Next launched was Node 3 Tranquility Attached to Node 2 Attached to Node 2 Largest of ISS’ three connecting nodes Largest of ISS’ three connecting nodes Included 7-window cupola Included 7-window cupola Connecting Node plus additional life support functions Connecting Node plus additional life support functions Water & urine recycling Water & urine recycling Carbon dioxide reduction (Sabatier reactor) Carbon dioxide reduction (Sabatier reactor) Launched on STS-130 February 8, 2010 Launched on STS-130 February 8, 2010

International Space Station Assembly Seven-window Cupola Launched on STS-130 Launched on STS-130 Mounted on the end of Node 3 Mounted on the end of Node 3 Later moved to nadir (Earth- facing) port of Node 3 during the STS-130 mission Later moved to nadir (Earth- facing) port of Node 3 during the STS-130 mission Used primarily for remote operations of SSRMS Used primarily for remote operations of SSRMS

International Space Station Assembly STS-132 Launched 14 May, 2010 on the Atlantis Orbiter Primary payload was a Russian Mini Research Module (MRM) First Russian module launched by U.S. First Russian module launched by U.S. Two Russian MRMs are berthed on the ISS Two Russian MRMs are berthed on the ISS

International Space Station Assembly Last module attached to the ISS is a Permanent MPLM Last module attached to the ISS is a Permanent MPLM called the PMM (Permanent Multipurpose Module) Launched on last STS mission STS-133 February 24, 2011

International Space Station Assembly Next to last STS mission was STS-134 launched 16 May, 2011 Next to last STS mission was STS-134 launched 16 May, 2011 Primary payload is the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-2) Primary payload is the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-2) Attached as an external experiment package on the ISS Attached as an external experiment package on the ISS Primary purpose is to search for antimatter, dark matter, and measure cosmic rays Primary purpose is to search for antimatter, dark matter, and measure cosmic rays

International Space Station Assembly STS-135 was the last Space Shuttle launched STS-135 was the last Space Shuttle launched Included cargo delivered in the Raffaello MPLM Included cargo delivered in the Raffaello MPLM Launched 8 July, 2011 with only a 4- crew compliment Launched 8 July, 2011 with only a 4- crew compliment Backup flights were required for each STS mission since the Columbia accident, except this one Backup flights were required for each STS mission since the Columbia accident, except this one

International Space Station Assembly Equipment and supplies for U.S. and partners carried in Multipurpose Logistics Module (MPLM) Launched in Space Shuttle payload bay Three built by Italian aerospace manufacturer Alenia Spazio (also built Columbus, Node 2, Node 3, Cupola) MPLMs are named MPLMs are named Leonardo Leonardo Donatello Donatello Raffaello Raffaello

ISS Complete

International Space Station – Support Vehicles ISS cargo vehicles Space Shuttle (crew & cargo, retired in 2011) Space Shuttle (crew & cargo, retired in 2011) Proton (cargo, Russian) Proton (cargo, Russian) Progress (cargo, Russian) Progress (cargo, Russian) Automated Transfer Vehicle (cargo, ESA) Automated Transfer Vehicle (cargo, ESA) Inaugural launch on Ariane V March, 2008 Inaugural launch on Ariane V March, 2008 HTV (cargo, Japan, launched on H-2A) HTV (cargo, Japan, launched on H-2A) Dragon (cargo, under NASA’s Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) contract with SpaceX) first launched in 2012 Dragon (cargo, under NASA’s Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) contract with SpaceX) first launched in 2012 Cygnus (cargo, under COTS contract with Orbital Sciences) planned for launch in 2013/2014 Cygnus (cargo, under COTS contract with Orbital Sciences) planned for launch in 2013/2014

International Space Station – Support Vehicles ISS crew vehicles Soyuz (crew, Russian) Soyuz (crew, Russian) Dragon (crew, under NASA’s Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) contract with SpaceX) Dragon (crew, under NASA’s Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) contract with SpaceX) Boeing CST-100 (crew, CCDev) Boeing CST-100 (crew, CCDev) Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser (crew, CCDev) Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser (crew, CCDev)

ISS Support Vehicles

International Space Station ESA’s ATV cargo vehicle Name: Jules Verne Name: Jules Verne First launched on 9 March, 2008 First launched on 9 March, 2008 Length: 10.3 m Length: 10.3 m Diameter: 4.5 m Diameter: 4.5 m Power: Solar arrays with battery secondary supply Power: Solar arrays with battery secondary supply Two main modules: Two main modules: Integrated Cargo Carrier Integrated Cargo Carrier ATV Service Module ATV Service Module Docking mechanism: Russian Docking mechanism: Russian

International Space Station Japanese HTV cargo vehicle Launcher: Japanese H-2A Launcher: Japanese H-2A Length: 9.2 m Length: 9.2 m Diameter: 4.4 m Diameter: 4.4 m Mass: 15,000 kg Mass: 15,000 kg Payload: 7,000 kg Payload: 7,000 kg

ISS - Commercial Crew Transportation NASA’s Commercial Crew Development program (CCDev) NASA’s Commercial Crew Development program (CCDev) Sponsors development of commercial vehicles to take crews to the International Space Station Sponsors development of commercial vehicles to take crews to the International Space Station Boeing CST-100 (Atlas V launcher) Boeing CST-100 (Atlas V launcher) Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser (Atlas V launcher) Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser (Atlas V launcher) SpaceX Dragon (Falcon 9 launcher) SpaceX Dragon (Falcon 9 launcher)

Boeing CST-100

Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser

SpaceX Dragon

NASA is planning a new addition to the ISS Expandable space habitat technology developed by Bigelow AerospaceExpandable space habitat technology developed by Bigelow Aerospace Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM)Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) Scheduled for launch to the ISS in 2015 for a two-year technology demonstrationScheduled for launch to the ISS in 2015 for a two-year technology demonstration

Proposed Russian Additions

Questions?