Toxicology Perspectives on Aviation Turbine Fuel from Alternative Feedstocks November 3, L Street, NW Washington, DC

Scope Aviation Turbine Fuel – D1655 Conventional Hydrocarbons Up to 50:50 Blend with Synthesized Hydrocar bons Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons - D7566 Synthesized Hydrocarbons Fischer-Tropsch SPK HEFA 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC

Definitions From D7566 Conventional hydrocarbons - derived from crude oil, condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, or oil sands Synthesized hydrocarbons – derived from coal, natural gas, biomass, or hydrogenated fats and oils by processes such as gasification, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and hydroprocessing 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC

Chemical Substances Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by treating a petroleum fraction with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. It consists of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C9 through C16 and boiling in the range of approximately 150°C to 290°C (302°F to 554°F) L Street, NW Washington, DC

5 CAS #NAME Kerosene (petroleum) Distillates(petroleum), acid-treated light Distillates (petroleum), chemically neutralized light Kerosene (petroleum), hydrodesulfurized Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aliph. EPA’s High Production Volume Challenge Category – Kerosene/Jet Fuel

1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC ProductStandardDesignation Kerosene No. 1-K or No. 2-KASTMD 3699 Jet A or Jet A-1ASTMD 1655 JP-8 and JP-8+100DODMIL-DTL-83133F JP-5DODMIL-DTL-5624 U Diesel Fuel No. 1-DASTMD 975 Gas Turbine Fuel Oil No. 1-GTASTMD 2880 Fuel Oil No. 1ASTMD 396 Kerosene Product Specifications

Goals for Workshop 1.Do the fuel specification put boundaries on the hydrocarbons constituents of jet fuel? 2.Does the manufacturing method/feedstock put boundaries on the hydrocarbon constituents of jet fuel? 3.What data is available to read-across to untested fuels? 4.What data do we still need? 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC

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9 Aromatics, D 5769, WT% Ave n=14MinMax Total BENZENE TOLUENE ETHYLBENZENE M,P-XYLENE BTEX Content of Jet A

1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC Component a Weight percent Nonaromatics80.27 Saturates78.61 Olefins1.66 Aromatics19.72 Less than three-ring PAC b ≈19.72 Three- to seven-ring PAC b <0.01 aAnalyzed by ASTM Method D1319-1, Fluorescent indicator Adsorption. bPolycyclic aromatic compounds. (Schreiner et al., 1997) Test Article for Dermal 90-day Subchronic and Repro/Developmental Screening Studies

1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC Substance DMSO Extractable wt.% % ARC 1 % ARC 2 % ARC 3 % ARC 4 % ARC 5 % ARC 6 % ARC 7 Jet A JP-8 (unadditized) No. 1-K Kerosene Kerosene hydrodesulfurized Analysis of Kerosene/Jet Fuels for Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds by ASTM E 1687

1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Melting Point (°C)not relevant Pour Point (°C)-55 to -47 Freezing Point (°C)-47 to -40 Boiling Point (°C) Vapor Pressure (hPa)3 to 35 Partition Coefficient to >6 Water Solubility 1 (mg/L) Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) For Kerosine/Jet Fuel Category

1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) For Kerosine/Jet Fuel Category ENVIRONMENTAL FATE Photodegradation, OH¯ reaction T 1/2 1 (h or d)0.2 to 1.5 Stability in Waterstable Environmental Distribution distribution depends on HC class and compound MW. Air <1% - 99% Water <0.1% - 8% Soil <1% - 97% Biodegradation classificationinherently

1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) For Kerosine/Jet Fuel Category ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS Acute Fish LL50 (mg/L WAF loading rate) 18 to 25 Acute Daphnia EL50 (mg/L WAF loading rate) 1.4 to 21 Algae EL50 (mg/L WAF loading rate) ELr505.0 to 6.2 ELb505.9 to 11

1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) For Kerosine/Jet Fuel Category HEALTH EFFECTS Rat Acute Inhalation (mg/m 3 )LC50 >5,000 Rat Acute Oral (mg/kg)LD50 >5,000 Rat Acute Dermal (mg/kg)LD50 >2,000 Inhalation Rat Repeated-Dose (mg/m 3 )NOAEL >24 Dermal Rat Repeated-Dose (mg/kg/d)NOAEL 495 Genotoxicity, in vitronegative Genotoxicity, in vivonegative Dermal Reproductive toxicity (mg/kg/d)NOAEL 495 Inhalation Developmental toxicity (PPM)NOAEL >364 PPM Dermal Developmental toxicity (mg/kg/d)NOAEL 495

1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC Other Data For Kerosine/Jet Fuel Category OTHER HEALTH EFFECTS Mouse Skin CancerNegative Immunotoxicity (Rat Dermal)Negative Immunotoxicity (Rat Inhalation)Negative Immunotoxicity (Mouse lnhalation)Negative Immunotoxicity (Mouse Dermal)Positive Ototoxicity? ?