Ryan Ripp CBE 555 9/23/2008

 Gasoline prices up 70% since January 2007  Decreasing dependence on foreign oil is a national priority  Global warming causing concern over CO 2 emissions  More fuel efficient vehicles helps with all theses problems

 On average, cars purchased in 2006 had lower MPG ratings than in 1988 ◦ Fuel efficiency has decreased despite improvements in engine efficiency ◦ Due to higher sales of larger vehicles with more powerful engines

 Driving force for fuel efficiency

 Low oil prices  Consumer preferences and manufacturer marketing  Government indifference ◦ No new mileage standards passed from 1985 to 2007  Where is there room to improve fuel economy?

 It’s not just bigger vehicles getting bigger engines Which goes 0-60 faster? 1968 Chevy Corvette2008 Ford Taurus Tie: Both go from 0-60 in 6.5 Seconds

CarModelCombined MPGHorsepower0-60 time (s) Chevy ImpalaLS47211 SS Chevy MalibuLS * LTZ Ford TaurusSEL Ford FusionS Honda AccordLX Honda CivicEX Hybrid Toyota CamryLE XLE V Toyota CorollaCE

 Distance needed to go 0-60 with constant acceleration d 0-60 = v avg t 0-60 v avg = 44 ft/s  Freeway onramp length: 1500 ft ◦ (East Beltline Hwy from Gammon Road)  For d 0-60 = 1500 ft, t 0-60 = 34 seconds

 Lower fuel consumption/CO 2 emissions ◦ Removing 1/3 of HP would cut petroleum use enough to eliminate all oil imports from Middle East in ten years (TMQ)  Safer driving ◦ Traffic deaths down 22% in March and 18% in April ◦ Drivers avoid maneuvers requiring quick acceleration to save gas ◦ Similar to how drivers of less powerful vehicles are forced to drive ◦ Corresponds to 8,000 fewer deaths per year

 35 mpg standard by 2020 ◦ ~33% increase from old standard  Contains provision for automakers to be waived from standards ◦ Big three automakers asking for waiver for 2015 interim standard ◦ Also seeking $50 billion from government to try and meet the new standards  Hyundai expects to meet 2020 standard by 2015

 Use smaller gasoline engines efficiently  Electric motor operates car while idling or during low energy output  Gasoline engine and braking recharge electric battery  Typically improve mileage 30%

 Escalade hybrid costs ~$11,000 more ◦ 15 mpg  20 mpg (Saves 200 gal/year)  Escape hybrid costs ~$9,000 more ◦ 24 mpg  33 mpg (Saves 136 gal/year)  Civic hybrid costs ~ $8,000 more ◦ 29 mpg  42 mpg (Saves 128 gal/year)  At current gas prices, buying a hybrid doesn’t pay off over the life of the vehicle  Most popular hybrids are from already fuel efficient models

 Charge batteries from electrical grid  Vehicle runs entirely on battery until charge is gone, then operates as gas-electric hybrid  Designed for commuting ◦ Able to drive miles between overnight charges  Enabled by Lithium ion battery technology  Will be available in the near future

 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) available in 2009 ◦ Toyota Prius  Available as a PHEV in 2010 ◦ Chevrolet Volt ◦ Saturn Vue ◦ Volkswagon Golf

 Fossil fuels are still source of energy in most cases  Electrical energy is more efficient than internal combustion energy  ~10-15% of energy from combustion reaches wheels of a car  Coal power plant is 40% efficient and electric motor is 85% efficient ◦ 0.4 x 0.85 = 0.34 ◦ More than twice as efficient use of energy

 How much does it cost to drive? ◦ Toyota Prius requires 0.26 kWh to drive one mile ◦ 1 kWh costs about $0.10  2.6 cents per mile ◦ Gasoline hybrid Prius gets 55 mpg ◦ ($3.65/gal) / 55 mpg = 6.6 cents per mile ◦ Less than half the cost of operation  How much will these vehicles cost up front?

 Carbon emissions ◦ Gasoline: (0.75 g/mL)(3785 mL/gal)(mol CH 2 /14g) = 200 mol CO 2 /gal  (200 mol CO 2 /gal)/(55 mpg) = 3.6 mol CO 2 per mile ◦ Coal: [(23 MJ/kg)(1 kg/0.9 kg CH)(1 kWh/3.6 MJ)] -1 x (1 mol CH/.013 kg CH) = 10.8 mol CO 2 per kWh  (10.8 mol CO 2 /kWh)(0.26 kWh/mile) = 2.8 mol CO 2 per mile ◦ 22% reduction in CO 2 emissions in the worst case

 Technology is on the right track  Need to get the technology to consumers ◦ Make more fuel efficient vehicles less expensive over the life of the car  Use hybrid technology in all types of vehicles  Reduce sales of vehicles that are too big and too powerful