Electric Baseload: A Thousand Tiny Bites ACI NJ: Wednesday, Sept. 10, 2008 – 8:30 am – 10:00 am Atlantic City, NJ Electric Baseload: A Thousand Tiny Bites ACI NJ: Wednesday, Sept. 10, 2008 – 8:30 am – 10:00 am Atlantic City, NJ A. Tamasin Sterner Pure Energy Lancaster, Pennsylvania Rana Belshe Conservation Connection Consulting Fairchild, Wisconsin

The Systems Approach Works

Why Address Baseload? Electricity Use is Rising Mark Fortney, 2007, PHRC, PA Home Energy Forum

Refrigerators, water heating and lighting are key baseload issues. We’re not dealing with them in this session because…

“NRDC Study of Set Top Box and Game Console Power Use”, Peter Ostendorp, Ecos Consulting, May $.09/kWh

Plug Load Energy Use is Increasing U.S. delivered residential energy consumption by end use, 2001, 2004, 2015, and 2030 (million Btu per household) Source: Energy Information Administration 2006

In This Session We Will  Define key terms  Examine the range of “typical” household electric use  Look at office and home electronic / entertainment end uses  Point to some helpful resources  Explore strategies to reduce residential electric baseload use

Total Household Electric Use = Baseload + Seasonal Baseload: Electricity used to power things used year round Seasonal use: Electricity used to provide heating, cooling, often dehumidification Source: 2005 Building Energy Data Book

Baseload Refined

2007 Ecos Consulting, “Final Field Research Report”: Share of Plug Load Energy Use by Product Category27 Plug Load Baseload Energy Use by Product Category

Whole New Language  Miscellaneous Electricity  Leaking electricity  Active power  Low power  Indeterminate Power  Sleep/hibernate  Power management  Standby  Phantom load  Vampire power  Power surge & suppression  Frequency regulation  Transient voltage  Internal Power Supplies  External Power Supplies Transformers (AC to DC power) Cubes Wall warts Power packs Bricks

Power vs Energy Power nameplate – peak – instantaneous demand  Watt - W  kiloWatt - kW Energy utility bill – meter – cost  Watt hour - Wh  kiloWatt hour - kWh\

Power Supplies: A Growing Component  Function: convert wall voltage ac to low voltage dc needed to operate today’s digital chips, LED indicators, displays, etc.  6% to 10% of U.S. electricity flows through the nation’s 3.6 billion power supplies 2007 Ecos Consulting, “Final Field Research Report” Roughly 1 to 2% of U.S. electricity could be saved by improving power supply efficiency $2.1 to 4.2 billion saved by consumers on their electricity bills Prevent release of 40 to 80 million tons of CO 2 into the atmosphere Equivalent of taking 2.3 to 4.6 million cars off the road Equivalent of building roughly 4.5 to 9 average sized power plants

Power Settings & Mode ON  Active power  Low power mode  Indeterminate power  Sleep/hibernate REALLY OFF  No power  Unplugged  Power switched off with strip or other control device “OFF”  Standby power  Phantom load  Vampire power  Idle power Anything with a remote, display, touchpad, or light is using power even when turned “off”

Power: On vs Off: Ent. System # 1 DEVICE POWER USE (W) ON POWER USE (W) “OFF”/Standby ENERGY STAR 37” LCD TV 1491 VCR/DVD 177 Cable Box, HDDTV DVR 3525 Stereo Home Theater (audio) 652 CD Player 102 Sub Woofer 157 TOTAL291 Watts44 Watts

DayMonthYear On Hours kWh< COST ON$0.11$3.33$40.47 Off Hours kWh< COST OFF$0.13$3.88$47.22 Energy: COST When On & Off Based on watching TV 3 hrs/day

Ave. Annual Use Without DVRs kWh With DVRs ec2007 Ecos Consulting, “Final Field Research Report”: Share of Plug Load Energy Use by Product Category27

Entertainment System #2  Metered 118 Watts when turned “off” Cost Calculation 118 W x 8760 hrs/yr x.001W/kW = 1033 $0.14/kWh = $145/ yr

Diagnostics: Getting & Using Power (W) & Energy (kWh) information Requires: Deciphering the obvious Tracking, reading, recording, calculating and metering

Entertainment System #3  Plasma TV: 33 W  Amplifier: 19 W  TiVO: 29 W  HDTV DVR: 44 W  Audio Receiver: 5 W  UPS: 20 W Home Theater use 150 Watts when “off” ! Danny Parker, FSEC, 2008

PIER Annual kWh of TVs by Mode  Standby power is similar regardless of TV type or size.  Newer TVs use a lot more energy than older ones.  Larger and newer technologies (plasma & rear projection) tend to be used more and are frequently part of a larger entertainment set up. Source: Ecos Consulting, “Final Field Research Report”, 2007

ACI NW 2007; kWh for 2 TVs $.14/kWh $168/year

ACI HP Conf 2007; The amount of energy consumed by TV’s in the US each year is set to rise, the NRDC predicts. The growth will come from more TV’s in the home, greater TV viewing time, growing screen size and higher-resolution displays. NRDC

Game Console Power Use Consumption NRDC Study of Set Top Box and Game Console Power Use, May 2007, Peter Ostendorp, Ecos Consulting

So… How much energy does a screen saver save?

Computers  Average desktop PC system draws 140W  On average, an ENERGY STAR computer uses 70% less electricity than standard unit—but only if power management features are activated  Major efficiency gains in terms of internal power supplies; more coming  Monitor accounts for about one half the use  17” color monitor uses about 35% more energy than a 14” color monitor  Laser printers draw about one third of print power when on standby – 100W or so  DOE computer cost calculator Check DOE & for great stuff on this.

Desktop PC vs Laptop Source: Ecos Consulting, “Final Field Research Report”, 2007

Our PC World  Power modes vary Active power Low power - Sleep Off - Standby  In 2000 nearly 4.2 million people worked from home. Up from 3.4 million in 1990, the number is climbing  Up to 60% of office personal computers are left on overnight

Managing Computer Power Use  Learn about and Activate Power Management Functions  Maximize sleep features with free software such as CO2 Saver from  Turn off monitor if not using for > 5-20 min. and both CPU and monitor if not using for > min.  Use power strips for positive “off” and control of peripherals  Establish standards and provide staff training re: various power modes and shut down maneuvers

PC & Peripheral Use  CPU running VISTA Sleep: 4W standby Shut Down: 2W standby  Printer: 3W standby  Monitor: 1W standby  UPS/Battery back up powerstrip: 8W standby  Active Power for all the above: 140W

Other Office Equipment  Fax  Printer  Copiers  All-in-one units  Scanners  Routers  Servers  Audio speakers  ipod & MP3 players  etc. etc. Rarely metered. Except … when dealing with mysterious high use. For example: 15 year old fax machine used 483 watts for 3 seconds, every seconds.

Battery Charging Systems; Power Supplies; External Power Adapters More than 1 billion/yr shipped worldwide! Examples from Danny’s garage: DeWalt Drill, & flashlight: 4 W standby each, 34 Watt charging  LiHi Battery charger: 4 W standby  weed trimmer : 4W standby Inefficient products and uncontrolled use represents colossal waste

Power Supplies: A Growing Component  Function: convert wall voltage ac to low voltage dc needed to operate today’s digital chips, LED indicators, displays, etc.  6% to 10% of U.S. electricity flows through the nation’s 3.6 billion power supplies 2007 Ecos Consulting, “Final Field Research Report” Roughly 1 to 2% of U.S. electricity could be saved by improving power supply efficiency $2.1 to 4.2 billion saved by consumers on their electricity bills Prevent release of 40 to 80 million tons of CO 2 into the atmosphere Equivalent of taking 2.3 to 4.6 million cars off the road Equivalent of building roughly 4.5 to 9 average sized power plants

Battery Types & Chargers Matter Battery chargers with similar charging capacity use varying amounts of energy to charge & maintain the battery 2007 Ecos Consulting, “Final Field Research Report”

Battery Charging Strategies  Chargers can draw 5 to 20 times more power than they can store so... Unplug chargers once battery is charged Use timer to control charge cycle  Choose equipment based on charging performance  Buy efficient chargers  Use rechargeable batteries  Use power strips to simplify disconnecting chargers

Advanced Power Strip Options

Simple Payback for Power Strips  Using a standard power strip saved 0.5 kWh/day for entertainment system #1– about 183 kWh/yr  Using an Occupancy Sensor strip in home office w/ 25W standby saved about 0.3 kWh/day – about 109 kWh/yr Is this significant?  These two actions saved 292 kWh/yr  At $.14/kWh this equals about $40/yr  For a seven month payback!

Power Strip Purchase Tips Get surge protection and reduced energy use. Specifications:  clamping voltage (how much electricity will trigger it) of at least 330  energy dissipation rating (how much electricity will cause it to fail) of at least 400 joules,  response time of 10 nanoseconds or less

Standby Power & Low Energy Homes  The less energy a home uses, the bigger part of the total energy use standby power becomes  When electricity is site produced—PV, wind, etc.—reducing standby loads becomes even more important.  At 1-2 kWh/day (FSEC measured), standby power equals 20% of PV output for a 2 kW array! Smaller load = Smaller system = Lower cost

 Compressor Crankcase Heater in AC: 40 W  Zone Dampers on Air Handler: 30 W  Home Intercom: 30 W  Cable Box: 20 W  Computer System: 20 W  Security System: 15 W  All these 10 W each: Dryer touchpad Garage door opener Satellite system receiver Older television Network box (unused) Two cell phone chargers Two cordless phones 1,840 kWh/Year! 210 Watts of Standby Power 1,840 kWh/Year! Danny Parker, FSEC, 2008 Plug Load and Hardwired Standby Use in Orlando, FL Home

Low W Standby Products Needed For New Construction! Doorbells: 18W Thermostat transformer: 4W Security system: 15W Smoke detectors/GFI: W ea. Garage door openers: 5W Server/routers ? Danny Parker, 2008 FSEC

Ceiling fans, too if on 24/7 …And not Just Electronics  Airhandler fans on 500W x 24 hours x 365 days x.001kW/W = 4,380 = $613 per year  Radon exhaust fans. EPA IAQ house standards require them in attached garages. 100W x 8760 hrs/yr x.001kW/W = 876 $.14 = $123 per year

The Systems Approach Works

Coal-Fired Electricity Generation Water waste: ½ to 1 gallon per kWh NOX SOX Mercury (Hg) Particulates Greenhouse Gases GHG Carbon Dioxide Equivalency CO 2 e Photo: Rana Belshe

EPA Power Profiler Search by zipcode; calculator answers the following questions based on feed stock, pollution control equipment, etc.  What is my fuel mix?  What are the emissions in my area?  What can I do to make a difference? Following example Based on zip: Utility: PSE&G Public Service Electric & Gas

PSE&G Electric Generation by Fuel Mix (%) PSE&G Electric Generation by Fuel Mix (%)

PSE&G Emissions: lbs / MWh ~ 1.1 lbs CO2 / kWh

Annual Energy & GHG Emissions of Four Homes Based on: PSE&G: 1.1 # CO2/kWh emission profile Sept, 2008 WI REC Dairyland Power Coop: 1.86 #/kWh 707 kWh/Mo

Austria 16 Canada 32 Ireland 18 Mexico 6 Mongolia 5 Netherlands 27 NZ 15 Nigeria 1 Norway 19 Senegal 1 Sweden 11 Venezuela 10 AK 114 AZ 18 CA 18 CO 26 DC 32 MA 22 MD 23 NY 18 OR 19 VA 27 VT 17 WI 31 World average: 7 lbs/day Ave American: 33 lbs/day Ave New Jersey:22 lbs/day Carbon per Capita Pounds/Day

Range of Annual Electric Use (kWh) National averages trued up to PA utility program experience

Annual Electric Use & Projected Savings Levels kWh/year

Impact of Rising Electricity Prices Annual $0.14/kWh & with 40% Rate Increase

FuelBtu/UnitUnitCost/UnitCost/MBtu Electricity3,412kWh$0.14 $41.03 Natural Gas100,000Therm$1.59 $15.90 Propane91,333Gallon$3.40 $37.23 Crude Oil5,800,000Barrel$ $25.86 Heating Oil 138,690Gallon$3.73 $26.89 Kerosene 135,000 Gallon $4.10$30.37 Gasoline124,000Gallon$3.70 $29.84 Mixed Wood20,000,000Cord$ $14.75 Wood Pellets16,500,000Ton $230.00$13.94 Corn Kernels16,500,000Ton $250.00$15.15 Coal 20,754,000 Short Ton $200.00$9.64 Energy Cost & Btu Value Based on NJ costs & estimates Sept. 2008

Strategies to Control Home Electronic Energy Use  Unplug stuff you don’t use  Manage control settings for maximum efficiency  Turn equipment off when not actively using  Minimize standby use with power strips, switched outlets, unplugging, etc.  Purchase less stuff  Buy the most efficient products possible

Buy ENERGY STAR !  Home Electronics Battery Charging Systems Cordless Phones Combination Units Digital-to-Analog Converter Boxes DVD Products External Power Adapters Home Audio Televisions VCRs  Office Equipment Computers Power Management Copiers and Fax Machines Digital Duplicators Notebook Computers / Tablet PCs Mailing Machines External Power Adapters Monitors Printers, Scanners, and All- in-Ones  Water Coolers

Always Useful Links  Your utility website      

Climate, Energy & Water Communication Resources Media TypeCategoryTitleCommentsInternet address websiteaction commitment Personal Commitment form of Clinton Global Initiative RB: interesting format; invites commitment of time, money, with timeframes t.org/commitments/make- a-commitment websiteaction initiativeCool State - Washington, Sierra Club Cascade Chapter RB: powerful example of state initiative; good content and organizing model ngton.org/ websiteadvertising- interactive Energy Saving Trust - UKRB: examples of a national ad campaign in Britain; reveals different sensibility & links videobaseload, lighting, humor You Are My Sunshine, Greenpeace RB : humorous, warning: includes bare bottoms watch?v=b3mlsTmoINA websitebaseload, water heating Water Heater Rescue: Know- how, Solutions, Parts RB: one-stop information shopping for all things related to hot water scue.com/ websitebehavior research Precourt Institute for Energy Efficiency, Stanford University RB: the home of the Behavior, Energy & Climate Change Conference proceedings and academic links gi- bin/htm/Behavior/behavio r.php?ref=nav4 websitebuilding science Advanced Energy Knowledge Library Michael Blasnik: Advanced Energy has some good Q&A format info for contractors/builders/homeowners. It's very good for Southern climate stuff especially. gy.org/buildings/knowledg e_library/index.html websitecarbon footprint Carbon ConundrumRB: the variability in output from various footprinting tools is a problem exposed here. arbon-output-2-08/overview/carbon-output- ov.htm?resultPageIndex=1&resultIndex=1&search Term=carbon%20conundrum Spreadsheet with 270+ resources; many with comments Available at www. PureEnergyAudits.com &

Resources Cited in Quiz  Climate, Energy, & Water Communication Resources, 2008 at (click on downloads) &  “Final Field Research Report” (Plug Load), 2007, Suzanne Foster-Porter, et. al., prepared for California Energy Commission  “Home Office and Home Electronics” U.S. DOE – Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Savers, November 2006, “Home Office and Home Electronics”  Phantom Load  “NRDC Study of Set Top Box and Game Console Power Use”, Peter Ostendorp, Ecos Consulting, May 2007  World Watch  McNally, Misty, 2008, “5 Ways to Stop Standby Power Losses”, Natural Home Magazine, Jan-Feb: 24ll With special thanks to Danny Parker, For his work, care, data & photos. Florida Solar Energy Center.

Feedback Welcome! A.Tamasin Sterner Rana Belshe