Genealogy and DNA

Genetic Genealogy  Began around 2003 Growing availability of testing Growing affordability of testing  Genographic Project Anthropological 2005 to 2010 Sponsored by IBM, National Geographic, Waitt Foundation  Relies on DNA testing

DNA  DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid  Each cell in individual contains same DNA  Organized into chromosomes Humans have 23 pairs  Contains genetic instructions Genes  Over time DNA mutates

DNA Testing Applications  Forensic  Paternity  Medical  Genealogical  Anthropological

Cell Components

Chromosomes

DNA Types  Recombining (autosomal) 22 chromosome pairs  Non-recombining Sex determining chromosome (X Y)  Y is only passed from father to son Mitrochrondial DNA  Passed from mother to offspring Both male and female

Both Types

Recombining

Non-recombining

Types of Genealogical Tests  Paternal test Uses yDNA  Only passes from father to son as does surname  But other males with same surname should be the same Uncle, brother, male cousins, etc  Maternal test Uses mtDNA Passes mother to children  Both sons and daughters

Test Types (con’t)  Autosomal Uses parts of 22 chromosomes Can give racial makeup  % of European, African, Asian (Amerindian) CODIS – FBI db – not used in genealogic Can tell degree of relatedness between two persons for recent generations Family Tree DNA, 23andMe, deCODEme

DNA Testing Services  FamilyTreeDNA is largest  Test consists of cheek swab  Actual DNA testing is several weeks  Results Generic haplogroup Specific test results Comparison to others results (ongoing) Contact information of matches

DNA Tests  yDNA (paternal) 12, 37, 67, 111 marker tests $99 - $339  mtDNA (maternal) HVR1, HVR2, Full Genome Sequence (FGS) tests $99 – $299  Family Finder (autosomal) - $289  Several other tests

How to Use Results  Haplogroup – genetic population  Remainder is meaningless without others  Collaborate Make available Show EKA (Earliest Known Ancestor) Share ancestors (GEDCOM) Join surname project (yDNA only) Enter data in ysearch.org and mitosearch.orgysearch.orgmitosearch.org Actively try to pull lines together Help achieve critical mass

The Genographic Project  Anthropological DNA study  Study migration of groups Based on DNA of isolated groups Over past 60,000 years  Created haplogroups for both yDNA mtDNA