Section 21.2: Clauses Independent and Subordinate Clauses

Outline of Section 21.2 Clause A group of words with its own subject and verb. 2 Basic Kinds of Clauses: Independent Clause Subordinate Clause Adjective clause Adverb clause Noun clause

Adjective Clauses Def: A subordinate clause that modifies a noun/pronoun by telling what kind or which one. Usually begin w/ a relative pronoun that, which, who, whom, whose Sometimes begin w/ a relative adverb before, since, when, where, why Adjective clauses are set off by commas only when they’re not essential to the meaning of the sentence.

Identifying Adjective Clauses Exercise #24 on page 469: Algeria, which is a country in Africa, is a diverse combination of land, people, and culture. What is the adjective clause? which is a country in Africa What is the relative pronoun in clause? which

Identifying Adjective Clauses and the Words They Modify We already understand that adjective clauses modify nouns/pronouns. An adjective clause must closely follow the word it modifies. Example The book that was missing had turned up at last. What is the adjective clause? that was missing What is the word modified? book

Recognizing the Use of Relative Pronouns We understand that relative pronouns usually start the adjective clause. They connect adjective clauses to the words clauses modify. They have 4 functions within the clause: Subject Direct objects Objects of prepositions Adjectives

Recognizing the Uses of Relative Pronouns Ghana, whose people make their living mostly by farming, produces the most cocoa in the world. Step 1: Identify your adj. clause. whose people make their living mostly by farming Step 2: What is the subject and verb in the clause? Subject is people; verb is make Step 3: What is the relative pronoun? whose Step 4: What is the function of the relative pronoun? Is it a Subject? Direct Object? O.P.? Adjective? Adjective. It modifies subject “people”.

Example #2 This product, which makes up thirty-five percent of Ghana’s exports, provides more jobs for Ghana’s people than any other. What is the adjective clause? which makes up thirty-five percent of Ghana’s exports What is the subject and verb of clause? S: which; V: makes What is the relative pronoun? which What is the function of which? Is it a S; D.O.; O.P.; or ADJ.? Subject

Last example… However, many people, whom the big factories have attracted, have been migrating to the cities. What is the adjective clause? whom the big factories have attracted What is the subject and verb in clause? S: factories; v: have attracted What is the relative pronoun of clause? whom What is the function of whom? Is it a S; D.O.; O.P.; ADJ? It’s a D.O. – You can also ask, “whom what?”

Recognizing the Use of Relative Adverbs What are your relative adverbs? before, since, when, where, why Unlike a relative pronoun with 4 functions, a relative adverb only has one: an adverb. A relative adverb modifies a verb within the clause. The adjective clause in whole will still modify the word it closely follows.

Example The street where Joyce lives is near the library. Adjective clause? where Joyce lives Relative adverb? where Word modified by the relative adverb? Lives Word modified by the adjective clause? street

Example #2 Anna wouldn’t tell us the reason why she quit. Adjective clause? why she quit Relative adverb? why Word modified by relative adverb? quit Word modified by adjective clause? reason

Using Adjective Clauses to Combine Sentences The letter will be mailed today. I wrote the letter. The letter which I wrote will be mailed today. Adjective clause? which I wrote Did I use a relative pronoun or relative adverb? Relative pronoun – which Word adjective clause modifies? letter

Using Adjective Clauses to Combine Sentences Tomorrow is the day. School starts then. Tomorrow is the day when school starts. Adjective clause? when school starts Relative pronoun or relative adverb? Relative adverb – when What word does my relative adverb modify in the adjective clause? starts What word does my adjective clause modify? day

Outline of Section 21.2 Clause A group of words with its own subject and verb. 2 Basic Kinds of Clauses: Independent Clause Subordinate Clause Adjective clause Adverb clause Noun clause

Adverb Clauses Def: Subordinate clause that modifies a verb. They all begin with subordinating conjunctions. See pages 409 & 474 (make your list on index card) May appear at the beginning, middle, or at end of sentence. If at the beginning or middle, it’s set off by commas.

Identify the adverb clause & subordinating conjunction The movie had already started when we arrived. Adverb clause? when we arrived Subordinating conjunction? when

What do adverb clauses modify? They modify a verb, an adverb, or adjective. They will be caught unless they can run faster. Adverb clause? unless they can run faster What word does the adverb clause closely follow? caught What part of speech is the word? It’s part of the verb phrase, so the clause modifies a verb.

Elliptical Adverb Clauses Elliptical clause: A clause in which the verb or the subject and verb are understood but not actually stated. Example: Wherever possible, the guide planted trees. Step 1: find the adverb clause Wherever possible Step 2: What words can you mentally add in which sentence can still have same meaning? Wherever (it was) possible

Example #2 I like cake more than candy. What is the adverb clause? What word(s) may be mentally added in the adverb clause and the sentence still has same meaning? than (I like) candy

Outline of Section 21.2 Clause A group of words with its own subject and verb. 2 Basic Kinds of Clauses: Independent Clause Subordinate Clause Adjective clause Adverb clause Noun clause

Noun Clauses Subordinate clauses acting like nouns May begin with: Introductory words Who (whoever) Whom (whomever) What (whatever) Whether Which “that” N.C. have 5 functions: Subject Direct Object Indirect Object Predicate Nominative Object of a Preposition

Exercise 34 on page 481: Identify Noun Clause and Function Our biology book says that many parasites breed in tropical regions. Noun clause? that many parasites breed in tropical regions Function? Direct Object “…says what?” that many parasites breed in tropical regions

Continued exercise Whatever animal is infested with a hookworm will also become severely anemic. Noun clause? Whatever animal is infested with a hookworm Function? Subject

Continued Exercise A hookworm causes severe problems for whatever animal it infects. Noun clause: whatever animal it infects Function: Object of a preposition Follows the preposition “for”

Recognizing Use of Introductory Words Intro words have either have a function or not: If there’s a function: Subject Adverb Adjective Direct Object Steps to follow: Find noun clause. Find introductory word Locate subject and verb in clause, then figure out function of the intro word.

Examples Do you remember where we parked the car? Noun clause? Introductory word? where Function of intro word within the clause Subject is “we”; verb is “parked”, so what is “where”? Adverb

Example #2 Do you know whether the train has gone? Noun clause? Introductory word? whether Function of introductory word? Subject is “train”; verb is “has gone”, so what is “whether”? No function in clause