AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE MANUAL

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AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE MANUAL The style for referencing in all your works is APA, and the general format for listing references is as follows: Author’s surname followed by the initials, then date of publication, title of book (in italics), edition, place of publication, and publisher. For example:

Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology (2nd ed. ) Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology (2nd ed.). New Delhi: New Age International Publishers. Only book and journal titles should be in italics.

Use single spacing to list the reference and double spacing between references as follows: Single author Smith, E. D. (2005). The art of communication. New York: Boston Press. Parenthetical reference (PR): (Smith, 2005)

Two authors Aronson, L., & Katz, R. (2000). Toxic waste disposal methods. New Haven: Yale University Press. PR: (Aronson & Katz, 2000) Authors with Jr. Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, T. S., Jr. (1997).

Three or more authors Provide the last names of the three authors the first time the work is cited and in subsequent mention use the first author’s name followed by et al. Fogle, S. L., Brown, B. A., & Smith, T. O. (1998). Hyperspace technology. Boston: Little Brown. PR: (Fogle et al., 1998)

Chapter in a book Smith, E. D. (2005). Communication feedback. In A. Rao, & G. Primrose (Eds.), Communication in the 21st century (pp. 25-40). London: Oxford University Press. PR: (Smith, 2005, p. 30)

Book with edition Fontana, J. B. (1999). Technology management: A handbook (3rd ed.). New York: American Management Association. PR: (Fontana, 1999)

Book edited Gibbs, J., & Oats, P. (Eds.). (2008). PR: Gibbs & Oats Book with revised edition Rosenthal, R. (2001). Metaphysics (Rev. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Book with no date of publication Winston, S. E. (n.d.). Women’s liberation: Research findings. (PR: Winston, n.d.)

Associations / Institutions American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington DC: McGraw-Hill. PR: (American Psychiatric Association, 1994)

Dictionaries & Encyclopaedias Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary (6th ed.). London: Macmillan. PR: (Sadie, 1980) Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501- 508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Pr: (Bergmann, 1993)

Journal articles Dunlap, R. E. (2003). Defeating Kyoto: The conservative movement’s impact on U. S. climate change policy. Journal of Sociology, 34(3), 35-49. PR: (Dunlap, 2003)

Online Journal Midford, R. (2005). Australia and alcohol: Living down the legend. Journal of Addiction, 100(7),891-896. Retrieved November 19, 2010 from http://www.addictionjournal.org/ PR: (Midford, 2005)

Theses & Dissertations Mushi, J. J. (2010). Media framing of presidential candidates in Tanzanian multi-party elections of 1995 and 2005: A case of selected newspapers. Unpublished master’s thesis, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya. PR: (Mushi, 2010)

Magazine articles Kenji, M., & Tanako, K. (2003, February 13). The disability controversy. The New York Times Magazine, 22-23. PR: (Kenji & Tanako, 2003)

Newspaper articles Kinuthia, P. (2009, November 9). The review debate. The Daily Nation, p. 10. PR: (Kinuthia, 2009)

Unsigned newspaper articles The Mau eviction: Act now. (2009, November 10). The Standard Newspaper, p. 5. PR: (The Standard Newspaper, 2009)

Online references Wada, K. (2008). Illegal file sharing 101. Education Quarterly, 31(4), 18-25. Retrieved from http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/EQM844.pdf Online references Wada, K. (2008). Illegal file sharing 101. Education Quarterly, 31(4), 18-25. Retrieved from http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/EQM844.pdf

Open web Retrieved on November 11, 2009 http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf

*When you are reporting from the literature, you should say things like: According to Mugenda and Mugenda (1999), population is… Population is…(Mugenda & Mugenda, 1999) Mugenda and Mugenda (1999) argued that…

Vary your verb of reporting Vary your verb of reporting. Use verbs such as : observed, suggested, remarked, stated, argued, recommended, believed, concluded, advised Vary your style also, for example. According to… In the words of Smith (1992), … As Smith 91992) observed… If what Smith (1992) concluded is anything to go by…

What Smith (1992) referred to as… Judging from what Smith 91992) found out… As stated by Smith (1992), ,… There many advantages of…( Smith, 2005), namely…