East Asia

Big Picture: China G – Problems with nomads (north) – Large, filled with resources – Influences neighbors R – Confucianism – Buddhism comes in and out

Big Picture: China A – Continuous civilization – Inventions – Core of world trade P – Dynastic cycle – Civil service exams

Big Picture: China E – Agricultural – Public works – Little respect for trade S – Confucianism – Peasants are poor, but important – Scholar-gentry

Chinese Dynasties Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing

Shang Dynasty River valley civilization Oracle bones Work with bronze

Zhou Dynasty Invent Mandate of Heaven and Dynastic Cycle Essentially feudal system Expand to Yangtze River

Era of Warring States

Qin Dynasty Reconquer feudal minor kingdoms Use legalism Shi Huangdi Legacy of standardization

Han Dynasty True Classical China Embrace Confucianism Create civil service exams Expand empire and trade West

How China Works Central authority – Appoints local officials, but strong local units keep order – Bureaucracy is large, people pay taxes, follow law, provide labor Upper class is landholders and bureaucrats Family is the social order Stay agricultural

Era of Division

Sui Dynasty Conquers the nomads Brings back central bureaucracy

Tang Dynasty Restores and modifies civil service exams Conquers northern nomads, Korea, and the west (largest dynasty) Eventually boots out Buddhism Links rivers with Grand Canal Urbanization, trade, women’s rights expand Tons of new technologies

Song Dynasty Takes the worst of the Tang features – Overexpanded bureaucracy (higher status) – Embraced Neo-Confucianism And only Chinese things – Weakens military – consistently losing ground to nomads – Stops trade

Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan conquers the Song No civil service exams, only Mongols in bureaucracy – But, Kubilai had Chinese advisors Chinese banned from learning Mongol language Bring in Muslim scholars to supplement Chinese science, which stagnated

Ming Dynasty Eliminate Mongols Reinstate civil service exams – scholar- gentry status raises again Landlords still powerful, came from bureaucratic families Neo-Confucianism deepens Trade grows, but invest in land and not manufacturing

Qing Dynasty Manchu nomads from the north override Ming weakness Not Chinese, but become Chinese – Adopt Confucianism, bureaucracy, civil service exams – Chinese can serve Landlords still exploit peasants Bureaucracy becomes corrupt, ignored public works and Europeans Opium War, rebellions…collapse

Chinese Civil War Qing dynasty collapses under pressure of Western interference, rebellions Nationalist party (Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek) want a Western-style state – A.k.a. Guomindang/Kuomintang Communist party (Mao Zedong) want communist peasant revolution

Communist Party Emphasized return to Confucian social values – meaning peasants good, merchants and outsiders bad, collective welfare Talk about power to the people – killed a lot of people with Mao’s policies

Chinese Civil War Communists use guerrilla warfare, Nationalists ally with warlords and make gains Long March: communists escape to the north Japan invades: force Chinese to fight together – War weakens Nationalist armies and economic bases – Communists gain power, practice 1949: Nationalists move to Formosa (Taiwan), Communists officially take over China

Communist China Expand boundaries Violently redistribute land to peasants – Mao collectivized agriculture, wanted small local factories (Great Leap Forward) – Failed here, too Pragmatists pushed out Mao after the “Cultural Revolution” which attacked his rivals and bureaucrats – Open economy, but not politics

Major Events Zhenghe Expeditions Russo-Japanese War Opium Wars Commodore Perry Meiji Restoration Boxer Rebellion May Fourth Movement Chinese Civil War WWII – Rape of Nanking – Pearl Harbor – Midway – Hiroshima and Nagasaki Korean War Tiananmen Square

Classical Japan Tribes and farming Regional states Create emperor as religious figure Shintoism Connection to China

Japan in Tang Times Borrowed a lot from China, but Buddhists and aristocrats prevented full reforms Local estates ignored the empire, peasants became serfs (and Buddhists), estates hired samurai, embraced warrior culture

Feudal Japan Fighting between warlords – Decline in central authority – Less Chinese influence – Feudal lords – shoguns – take power Daimyos, powerful local landlords, tried to develop economies

Japan in Ming Times Shoguns overpower daimyos – Imported Western technology (guns) Tokugawa Shogunate controls daimyos, destroys Buddhist power, and closes Japan to foreign influence

Opening Japan Commodore Perry shows up with US ships and big guns (1850s) – Forced to open trade ports Meiji emperor takes over, Meiji Restoration – Abolish feudalism, defeat samurai – Create parliament and bureaucracy – State-led industrialization Avoid total domination, but still depend on West for technology and resources

Imperial Japan For resources, take Korea from Russia/China in Sino- and Russo- Japanese Wars Strong nationalism prevents revolutions despite strains of modernization – Military crept into power, took over with strong response to Depression Expand into China and Taiwan

Post-War Japan Westernize and democratize during occupation, eliminate military Government-business cooperation to promote stability and growth – Major educational expansion provides the engineers, US provides the defense Huge economic expansion into the 90s

Korea China conquers it, loses it, conquers it…it’s a cycle Strongly influenced by China and Buddhism – Almost don’t have their own culture, just mirrors of China And that’s everything until Unit 5

(South) Korea Authoritarian but not communist, then conservatively democratic In 1970s, Korea follows Japan into the high-tech economic world Create a lot of exports