The Challenge to Aristotle For 1500 years Aristotelian physics and philosophy ruled the study of science and government The Ptolemaic Universe was a conception of the universe that was centered around the Earth This is a called a geocentric model The heavenly bodies moved in perfect circles
Nicolaus Copernicus 1543: Copernicus publishes On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres Copernicus argued that we lived in a heliocentric universe with the Sun at the center
Tycho Brahe Tycho was a brilliant observational astronomer His measurements were so accurate they allowed his best friend and student to take the next step in destroying Aristotelian Science
Johannes Kepler Used Tycho’s data to confirm Copernicus’ theory that the sun was the center of the universe Kepler’s 3 Laws of Motion First Law: All orbits are not circular but elliptical Kepler’s findings destroyed Aristotelian Physics
Galileo Galilei Invented a telescope to observe: The mountains of the Moon Phases of Venus Moons around Jupiter Sunspots That the heavens were not perfect 1610: Published his findings in The Starry Messenger Attacked by the church, Italy was no longer the center of scientific revolution…it is England
Sir Isaac Newton Arguably the smartest man who ever lived…ever May have been hit on the head with an apple Almost singlehandedly invented calculus
Newton’s Laws First Law: Every object continues in a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line until deflected by a force Second Law: The rate of change of motion on an object is proportional to the force acting on it (Force = mass x acceleration) Third Law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Law of Gravitation: every object in the universe is affected by gravity
Toward Enlightenment By challenging Aristotle, science made it possible for philosophers to develop new ways of thinking about human nature, politics, and government