Names for Swine :  Hogs  Pigs  Swine Swine Industry change:  Factory farms

 First domesticated in Asia 9000 BC  Bought to USA by Columbus in 1493  North America had wild hogs called boars  ¾ of the hogs produced in the USA come from the corn belt states  60% + of hogs are grown in confinement  Second largest livestock population in the USA – 70 million head  Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana leading states with hogs. Upcoming is North Carolina

 Efficient in converting feed to meat  Less feed needed to produce one pound of meat, better than beef.  4-5 pounds needed to produce one pound of pork verse 9 pounds of feed = one pound of beef.  Swine very prolific – produce large numbers of young.  Yield % of carcass verse beef 50-60%  Labor low

 Diseases and parasites – susceptible  Large amounts of concentrates and little forages  Require special attention at farrowing time  Cost of corn is high  Disposal of waste – difficult  Odor

 Small family farms  Factory farms

Classifications  Piglet – baby pig  Barrow – castrated male pig  Gilt – young female pig not farrowed  Sow – aged female pig - farrowed  Boar – male hog  Swine – breed name  Pig – under 100 pounds  Hog – over 100 pounds  Meat-type hog – lean with meat  Lard type hog – has a lot of fat  Major Meat – ham, bacon, loin, roast Barrow

Duroc Hampshire Yorkshire Hereford Berkshire Poland China

 Type – selection of an animal that is close to ideal  Pedigree – bloodline, record of heredity  Probe – tool that measures backfat  Ultrasonic device – measures backfat  PSS – Porcine Stress Syndrome – Nonpathological disorder in heavily muscled swine.  SPF – Specific Pathogen Free (Swine born in sterile environment)

 Boar Selection – docile, 6-7 months of age (purchase), breed at 8 months, good health, masculine, testicles well developed, 12 teats.  Female Selection – free of defects, healthy, 1.2 inches of backfat, lean

 Feeder pigs – weaned at 40 pounds  Finishing Pigs – markets at pounds  Purebred Pigs – breeding stock, pure blood lines  Contract Production – a contract between a producer and a buyer before hogs are raised.

 Naturally produce offspring twice a year  Normal Breeding – reach puberty at 4-8 months. – Most common method  Gestation Period – 114 days  Crossbreeding – 90 % of commercial hogs are bred this way.  Artificial Breeding – Getting more popular, but the biggest problem is that you can’t freeze the sperm.  Care of female – feeding, exercise  Care of Male – plenty of room needed, exercise, feeding important  Farrowing – Sanitation, signs of parturition.  70% of piglets born reach weaning.  30% die due to disease, bad weather, mashing by sow or other conditions.  Environmental conditions – degrees F

 Feeding the Sow fed liberally before birth and limited 3 days after birth. Increase feed after the 3 days slowly.  Starting piglets on feed – Creep days old  Needle teeth – upper and lower jaws  Tail Docking – 1 inch, prevents tail biting  Ear Notching – most common identification method  Castration – done to all male swine intended for meat.  Vaccination – Done before weaning.

 Carbohydrates, fats, Proteins, Minerals, vitamins, water (1/4 -1/3 gallon of water for every pound of dry feed consumed)

Additives –  Antibiotics increase production by 10%, but do not feed until animal is 5-6 weeks old.  PST (Porcine Somatotropin) Growth hormone 15-20% increase  Withdrawal time – days depending on drug.

 Parasites  Internal - worms  External – lice, mange, ticks  Nutritional Diseases - diet  Infectious Diseases – Bang’s (Brucellosis), Hog Cholera, Leptospirosis, Pneumonia lesions, Pseudorabies, Swine Dysentery.

 Pasture and dry lots  Building with concrete slab floors  Enclosed buildings with slotted floors

 Ventilation – prevents diseases  Manure disposal  Cleaning  Space requirement – 8 feet  Fencing – electrical or woven wire  Handling equipment – loading chutes, cane, hog boards  Feed and watering equipment

Downwind of houses