Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain Prepared by Michael J. Renner, Ph.D. These slides ©2002 Prentice Hall Psychology Publishing. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain The Nervous System: A Basic Blueprint Communication in the Nervous System Mapping the Brain A Tour Through the Brain The Two Hemispheres of the Brain Two Stubborn Issues in Brain Research ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Communication in the Nervous System Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Communication in the Nervous System The Structure of the Neuron How Neurons Communicate Chemical Messengers in the Nervous System ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

The Structure of the Neuron Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 The Structure of the Neuron Dendrite: Branches that receive signals and transmit to cell body Soma: Controls cell metabolism and determines firing Axon: Carries impulses away from cell body Myelin Sheath: Fatty insulation Figure 4.05 from Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2002). Invitation to Psychology, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Different Kinds of Neurons Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Different Kinds of Neurons Figure 4.04 from Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2002). Invitation to Psychology, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Neurons vary in size and shape, depending on their location and function. More than 200 types have been identified in mammals. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

How Neurons Communicate Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 How Neurons Communicate Synapse: Tiny fluid filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another. Neurotransmitter: Chemical that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

How Neurons Communicate Receptor Cells Action Potential Sensory Nerves Travel to Brain Interneurons The receptor cells turn information into an impulse Send the impulse along the sensory nerve to the brain Interneurons Process the information Motor nerves carry out the action associated with the senstation ©2002 Prentice Hall

Plasticity in Brain & Behavior Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Plasticity in Brain & Behavior Does experience really make us smarter and more well rounded? Homework: Read the case study handed out in class. Answer discussion questions for homework! Figure 2.06 from Morris, C.G., & Maisto, A.A. (1999). Psychology, 10th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Rosenzweig, M..R., Bennett, E.L., & Diamond, M.C. (1972). Scientific American. See also: Renner, M. J., & Rosenzweig, M.R. (1987). Enriched and Impoverished Environments: Effects on Brain and Behavior. New York: Springer Verlag. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Getting Connected Figure 4.06 from Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2002). Invitation to Psychology, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Neurons in a newborn’s brain are widely spaced, but form connections quickly. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Chemical Messengers in the Nervous System Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Chemical Messengers in the Nervous System Neurotransmitters are released into synaptic cleft Binds to receptor site Receiving neuron becomes more (or less) likely to fire Figure 4.07 from Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2002). Invitation to Psychology, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Major Neurotransmitters Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Major Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine (ACh) Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Endorphins Chemical substances in the nervous system that are involved in pain reduction, pleasure, and memory, and are known technically as endogenous opioid peptides. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

The Nervous System: A Basic Blueprint Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 The Nervous System: A Basic Blueprint The Central Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Divisions of the Nervous System Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Divisions of the Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Autonomic Figure 4.01 from Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2002). Invitation to Psychology, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Nervous System Organization Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Figure 4.03 from Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2002). Invitation to Psychology, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

The Central Nervous System Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 The Central Nervous System Central Nervous System: The portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. Spinal Cord: A collection of neurons and tissue running from the base of the brain down the back, protected the spinal column. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

The Peripheral Nervous System Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 The Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System: The subdivision of the PNS that connects to sensory receptors and to muscles Autonomic Nervous System: The subdivision of the PNS that regulates the internal organs and glands. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Figure 4.02 from Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2002). Invitation to Psychology, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Hormones Hormones: Chemical substances, secreted by organs called glands, that affect the functioning of other organs. Endocrine Glands: Internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

The Endocrine System Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Adrenal Pancreas Ovary Testis ©2002 Prentice Hall

Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Mapping the Brain ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Electroencephalogram Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Electroencephalogram Figure 2.8 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Positron Emission Tomography Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Positron Emission Tomography Active areas have increased blood flow Radioactive isotopes (small amounts) are placed in the blood Sensors detect radioactivity Different tasks show distinct activity patterns Figure 2.09 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic fields align certain ions and compounds When field is removed, these molecules release energy as radio waves Computer calculates tissue density from radio waves Provides clear, 3D images Figure 2.10 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

A Tour Through the Brain Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 A Tour Through the Brain The Brain Stem The Cerebellum The Thalamus The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland The Limbic System The Cerebrum ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 The Human Brain This view shows the brain as if split in half front-to-back Inside surface of right half of brain Eyes on the left, near the word “hypothalamus” Figure 4.10 from Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2002). Invitation to Psychology, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 The Brain Stem Brain Stem: At the top of the spinal cord, consisting of medulla and pons Medulla: Responsible for some automatic functions, Pons: Involved in sleep, waking, and dreaming. Reticular Formation: A dense network of neurons found in the core of the brain stem. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 The Cerebellum Cerebellum: Regulates movement and balance, and is involved in learning some simple responses. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Thalamus and Hypothalamus Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Thalamus and Hypothalamus Thalamus: Relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex. Hypothalamus: Involved in emotions and drives vital to survival; it regulates the autonomic nervous system. Pituitary Gland: Small endocrine gland at the base of the brain, which releases hormones and regulates endocrine glands. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 The Limbic System Limbic System: A group of brain areas involved in emotional reactions and motivated behavior. Amygdala: Involved in the regulation of emotion and the initial response to sensory information. Hippocampus: Involved in memory. Figure 4.11 from Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2002). Invitation to Psychology, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 The Cerebrum Occipital Lobes: Vision Parietal Lobes: body sensation Temporal Lobes: Hearing, language Frontal Lobes: Thinking, planning, movement ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

The Case of Phineas Gage Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 The Case of Phineas Gage Gage was a railroad construction foreman An 1848 explosion forced a steel tamping rod through his head Others said he was “…no longer Gage…” Lost his job, worked as a sideshow exhibit Figure 2.2 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Damasio, et al., 1994 ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

The Two Hemispheres of the Brain Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 The Two Hemispheres of the Brain Split Brains: A House Divided A Question of Dominance ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Visual Pathways Each hemisphere receives information about the opposite side of the visual field. Objects to your left put images on right side of each retina; goes to right side of brain Half of optic nerve fibers cross at the optic chiasm ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Split Brains: A House Divided Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Split Brains: A House Divided Hemispheres of brain sometimes separated to treat severe epilepsy Split brain operation includes the optic chiasm Optic nerve no longer crosses Visual information goes only to one hemisphere Different sides of brain see different information ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Divided Brain, Divided View Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Divided Brain, Divided View Figure 4.15 from Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2002). Invitation to Psychology, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Two Stubborn Issues in Brain Research Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Two Stubborn Issues in Brain Research Why Do We Dream? Are There “His” and “Hers” Brains? ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Why Do We Dream? Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep: Sleep periods characterized by fast eye movement behind closed eyelids, loss of muscle tone, and dreaming. Activation-Synthesis Theory: Theory that dreaming results from cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall

Are There “His” & “Hers” Brains? Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain 4/19/2017 Are There “His” & “Hers” Brains? Sex differences in the brain have been studied for many years. Many findings seem to reflect cultural bias, and change with cultural changes Reliable differences have been found in activity of certain brain areas during some tasks Example: MRI of language task, right ♂ ♀ ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall