Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive… School of Architecture, Science and Technology Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik – , India

OC-SBT/ SBI/ SGS031-U02-02 Introduction Programmes and Courses  SEP – SBT031 – Unit 02  SEP – SBI031 – Unit 02  SEP – SGS031 – Unit 02

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.3 Credits  Academic Inputs by Mrs. Rasika Bhore  M.sc ( Microbiology)

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.4 How to Use This Resource  Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver lecture of minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.  Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should follow the lecture for about minutes.  Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should be provided to each student.  Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end exam.  Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.  Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end exam.

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.5 Learning Objectives  After studying this module, you should be able to: Discuss terpenoids or isoprenoids. Describe the classification of terpenoids & its functions. Define steroids. Describe the importance of steroids in our body. Discuss the vitality & disorders of cholesterol.

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Introduction  Terpenoids found in all classes of living things.  Terpenoids are built from five-carbon isoprene units and so can also be called "isoprenoids".  Many spices and fragrances contain terpenoids.  steroids are found in plants, animals, and fungi.  All steroids are made in cells either from the sterol lanosterol (animals and fungi) or the sterol cycloartenol (plants).  Cholesterol is a waxy substance produced naturally by our bodies.  It is essential for healthy cell function, but too much cholesterol can cause serious problems. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.6

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Terpenoids & Isoprenoids  The terpenoids, sometimes referred to as isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals.  Terpenoids can also be described as modified terpenes, where methyl groups are moved or removed, or oxygen atoms added.  It is derived from five-carbon isoprene units assembled and modified in thousands of ways.  Most are multicyclic structures which differ from one another not only in functional groups, but also in their basic carbon skeletons.  These lipids can be found in all classes of living things, and are the largest group of natural products. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.7

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Classification of Terpenoids  Terpenoids can be classified according to the number of isoprene units used: © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.8 Sr.NoTerpenesIsoprene units Carbon atoms 1Monoterpenes210 2Sesquiterpenes315 3Diterpenes420 4Sesterpenes525 5Triterpenes630 6Carotenoids840 7Polyterpenoids> 100> 500

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Uses of Terpenoids  Plant terpenoids are extensively used for their aromatic qualities.  They play a role in traditional herbal remedies and are under investigation for antibacterial, antineoplastic and other pharmaceutical effects.  Terpenoids contribute to the scent of eucalyptus, the flavors of cinnamon, cloves and ginger and the color of yellow flowers.  Well-known terpenoids include citral, menthol, camphor and the cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant.  The steroids and sterols in animals are biologically produced from terpenoid precursors.  Sometimes terpenoids are added to proteins, e.g. to enhance their attachment to the cell membrane; this is known as isoprenylation.  Many of these are substrates for plant Cytochrome P450. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.9

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Steroids  A steroid is a terpenoid lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings, generally arranged in a fashion. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.10

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Classification of Steroids Animal steroids Plant steroids Fungus steroid Steroids can be classified into 3 types: © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.11

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Animal Steroids 1.Insect steroids :  Ecdysteroids such as ecdysterone. 2. Vertebrate steroids :  Steroid hormones  Sex steroids include androgens, estrogens, and progestagens.  Corticosteroids include glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids. Glucocorticoids regulate many aspects of metabolism and immune function, whereas mineral corticoids help maintain blood volume and control renal excretion of electrolytes.  Anabolic steroids are a class of steroids that interact with androgen receptors to increase muscle and bone synthesis. There are natural and synthetic anabolic steroids.  Cholesterol which modulates the fluidity of cell membranes and is the principle constituent of the plaques implicated in atherosclerosis. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.12

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Plant Steroid & Fungus Steroid  Plant steroids are: 1.Phytosterols 2.Brassinosteroids  Fungus steroid: 1.Ergosterol © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.13

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Cholesterol  Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol).  It is found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and is transported in the blood plasma of all animals.  Because cholesterol is synthesized by all eukaryotes, trace amounts of cholesterol are also found in membranes of plants and fungi.  Most of the cholesterol is synthesized by the body and some has dietary origin.  Cholesterol is densely-packed with membranes, for example, the liver, spinal cord, brain.  Cholesterol plays a central role in many biochemical processes, but is best known for the association of cardiovascular disease.  Cholesterol is insoluble in blood, but is transported in the circulatory system bound to one of the varieties of lipoprotein. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.14

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Structure of Cholesterol (shown in yellow colour in second picture) © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.15

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Functions of Cholesterol  Cholesterol is required to build and maintain cell membranes; it regulates membrane fluidity over a wider range of temperatures.  Cholesterol may act as an antioxidant.  Cholesterol also aids in the manufacture of bile (which helps to digest fats).  It is also important for the metabolism of fat soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E and K.  It is the major precursor for the synthesis of various steroid hormones (which include cortisol and aldosterone, and the sex hormones progesterone, the various estrogens, testosterone, and derivatives).  Recently, cholesterol has also been implicated in cell signaling processes, where it forms lipid rafts in the plasma membrane.  It also reduces the permeability of the plasma membrane to hydrogen ions and sodium ions. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.16

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… High Cholesterol Is Dangerous……..  Too much cholesterol in blood can raise risk of having a heart attack or stroke.  The extra cholesterol in blood may be stored in arteries.  Buildup of cholesterol (called plaque) in arteries will cause arteries to narrow and harden (called atherosclerosis).  Large deposits of cholesterol can completely block an artery.  If an artery that supplies blood to the muscles in heart becomes blocked, a heart attack can occur.  If an artery that supplies blood to brain becomes blocked, a stroke can occur. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.17

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… What we learn…….  Terpenoids are very differently structured compounds contain isoprene units, so called as isoprenoids.  Depending on the number of isoprene units they are classified.  Terpenoids are well known for their aromatic qualities & also helps in formation of steroids.  Steroids are the cyclic components which contain sex hormones, cholesterol etc.  Cholesterol maintains fluidity at different temperatures, acts as antioxidants, in cell signaling & also maintains permeability. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.18

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Critical Thinking Questions  How increased cholesterol leads to heart problems?  What will be the consequences if sex steroids are absent? © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.19

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Hints for critical thinking questions  Cholesterol blocks the artery.  Sex hormones acts in sex differentiation & support reproduction. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.20

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Study Tips  You can survey that, heart disorders & other problems are majorly found due to elevated levels of cholesterol.  Book: Biochemistry Author: Dr. Mrs. Pankaja Naik © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.21

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.22 Study Tips Terpenoids.Cholesterol Steroids

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