Uses of the nominative and accusative cases:

Adpositions governing the accusative:

Accusative forms of the personal pronouns:

Gender: Usually, males are denoted by masculine nouns (e.g. nara- `man', masc.) and females by feminine nouns (e.g. strã- `woman', fem.); the gender assigned to nouns denoting sexless things has no clear semantic basis. There are, however, some fairly reliable correlations between a noun's gender and the form of its stem. e.g. stems in a are generally masculine and neuter, while stems in long vowels are mostly feminine.

Short-a stem declension: aśva- `horse' (masc.)

Short-a stem declension: dàna- `gift' (neut.)

The ten classes of present-tense stems

Characteristics of the four thematic classes 1.The stem always ends in a. 2.The stem doesn't exhibit vowel- grade alternations.

Characteristics of the four thematic classes 3. In an open syllable, the stem- final a lengthens before any ending beginning with m or v; thus, there is no lengthening before ‑ m in the 1st person singular imperfect active.

Characteristics of the four thematic classes 4.The stem-final a is dropped before all endings beginning with e. 5.The 2nd person singular imperative active is simply the stem.

Characteristics of the four thematic classes 6.The optative suffix is ‑ ã- before consonants and ‑ ãy- before vowels. By sandhi, a- + -ã-  e ; a- + -ãy-  ey.

Stem formation in the thematic classes 1st class (bhå- class) stem =root + a-  guõa, if possible

Stem formation in the thematic classes 6th class (tud ‑ class) stem =root + a-  zero grade

Stem formation in the thematic classes 4 th class (div ‑ class) stem =root + ya-  unchanged

Stem formation in the thematic classes

Irregularities in stem formation in the thematic classes

Active inflectional endings for thematic verbs (conjugations 1, 4, 6, 10) in the present system