DARFUR CONFLICT Yang Jin Naomi Wakayama Lee Chae Won

2003 Conflict between GoS (Government of Sudan) and west Darfur rebels GoS promises land to Arab tribes in exchange for military allegiance Janjaweed “devil on horseback” 100,000 refugees in Chad Once upon a time…

2004 UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) → Refugee camps in eastern Chad April N'Djamena Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement Early July African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) had 300 Rwandan and Nigerian peacekeeping troops in Darfur July Worst humanitarian crisis in the world U.S. “ ” 185,000 Darfur people registered AU(African Union), UN, Arab League, and EU didn’t agree to U.S. GENOCIDE

2005 January 9 Comprehensive Peace Agreement and UNSC refers Darfur to International Criminal Court June ICC investigates, UNSC authorizes sanctions 7000 AMIS troops, Darfur refugees in Chad now 200,000

2006 Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) Sudan Liberation Army partially agree, Justic and Equality Movement(JEM) and other part of SLA refuses UNMIS peacekeeping troops’ deployment refused by GoS President Bush signed Darfur Peace and Accountability Act ↓ UNAMID(UN-AU Mission in Darfur) for peacekeeping FAIL UNMIS = United Nations Mission in Sudan Delayed by GoS Now 235,000 refugees in Chad

2007 UN report leak ↓ ICC issues arrest warrants for a GoS official and a Janjaweed leader UNSC passes resolution to create a peacekeeping mission in Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) Internally displaced persons (IDP) in Darfur: 2.4 million

2008 February Chadian rebels fail coup d’etat July ICC seeks arrest warrant for Omar al-Bashir November President Bashir announces ceasefire 300,000 Darfuris died from conflict Rejected by rebel groups IDP increases to 2.7 million

2009 March ICC issues arrest warrant for President Bashir August UN military commander states “Darfur war is over” Reports of GoS expels 13 international humanitarian aid groups ongoing violence

IMPORTANT INCIDENTS & FAILURES BIG EVENTS INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY Intervene Neglect

2003 THE START OF THE WAR SLA Sudan Liberation Army JEM Justice and Equality Movement Sudan Government Darfur region Janjaweed

2003: INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY NGOs PREDICTED WARNED (Amnesty International, the International Crisis Group, Justice Africa) NEGLIGIBLE UN did not intervened UN Security Council esp. China, Russia + Sudan government’s strict media control

IMPORTANT INCIDENTS & FAILURES BIG EVENTS INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY Intervene Neglect

2004: INTERVENTIONS AND NEGOTIATION Rebel groupsSudan Government UN, AU, EU Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement and a Protocol on the Establishment of Humanitarian Assistance in Darfur Full access of humanitarian organizations AU’s monitoring committee ‣ AMIS(African Union Monitoring Mission in Sudan) Lack of support/equipment

UNSC RESOLUTION 1556, 1574 Resolution1556 -Report of the Secretary-General on the Sudan Under Chapter 7 of UN Charter 6. Demands that the Government of Sudan fulfil its commitments to disarm the Janjaweed militias… 7. Decides that all states shall take the necessary measures to prevent the sale or supply, to all non-governmental entities and individuals, including the Janjaweed, operating in the states of North Darfur, South Darfur and West Darfur…

UNSC RESOLUTION 1556, 1574 Resolution Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan 7. Welcomes the preparatory work already carried out by the United Nations Advance Mission in Sudan (UNAMIS), … and calls on the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army to commit to full cooperation with UNAMIS, 11. Demands that Government and rebel forces and all other armed groups immediately cease all violence and attacks, including abduction, refrain from forcible relocation of civilians, cooperate with international humanitarian relief and monitoring efforts …

2006: DARFUR PEACE AGREEMENT (ABUJA AGREEMENT) SLASudan Government AU, US Objected by JEM Power-sharing Disarmament of Militias Wealth-sharing to promote economy of Darfur

IMPORTANT INCIDENTS & FAILURES BIG EVENTS INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY Intervene Neglect 2008 UNAMID

2011: DOHA AGREEMENT (2011 DARFUR PEACE AGREEMENT) Liberation and Justice Movement Sudan Government Compensation for victims of Darfur Establishment of Darfur Regional Authority Power-sharing

WHAT’S HAPPENING NOW?  From December 2010 to September 2012, Doha peace forum, a new round of talk between the LJM and the Sudanese government was take place in Doha, Qatar.  UN, AU and EU joined the mediation during the forum.

WHAT’S HAPPENING NOW?  $300,000,000 of compensation for victims TTwo new states was announced AA new Darfur Regional Authority was established PProvisions for a Darfuri Vice-President was announced BUT IS IT OVER?

IN 2013

EVALUATION  Just cause 5/5  Right intention 2/5 | 4/5  Final resort 4/5  Legitimate authority 5/5  Proportional means 1/5 | 3/5  Reasonable prospect 4/5

REFERENCE  Darfurdreamteam.org  Wikipedia, War in Darfur  Sudan Peace Watch december http:// december  Radiobanana.org  Monstersandcritics.com factions-agrees-to-Darfur-peace-deal factions-agrees-to-Darfur-peace-deal  Dr. Marc Gustafson, The 'genocide' in Darfur isn't what it seems, coop.html coop.html

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