© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 1 of 50 The Nature of Covalent Bonding > 8.2 The Octet Rule in Covalent Bonding In _____________ bonds, electron _______________ usually occurs so that atoms attain the electron _______________ of ___________ ____________.

Slide 2 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Single Covalent Bonds ________ _________ held together by _______ a _______ of ____________ are joined by a __________ _______________ bond. 8.2

Slide 3 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > 8.2 Single Covalent Bonds An ___________ ____________ structure such as H:H represents the ___________ ___________ of electrons of the ___________ bond by __________ dots. A _____________ formula represents the ___________ _________ by ___________ and shows the arrangement of _____________ __________ _________.

Slide 4 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Single Covalent Bonds The halogens form single covalent bonds in their diatomic molecules. Fluorine is one example. 8.2

Slide 5 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > 8.2 Single Covalent Bonds A _________ of ___________ electrons that is __________ _________________ between atoms is called an ________________ pair, also known as a _____________ pair or a ________________ pair.

Slide 6 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Single Covalent Bonds The hydrogen and oxygen atoms attain noble- gas configurations by _____________ electrons. 8.2

Slide 7 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Single Covalent Bonds The ammonia molecule has one ___________ pair of electrons. 8.2

Slide 8 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Single Covalent Bonds Methane has ________ unshared pairs of electrons. 8.2

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 9 of 50 Section Assessment 8.1

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 10 of 50 The Nature of Covalent Bonding > 8.2 Double and Triple Covalent Bonds Atoms form ______________ or ____________ covalent bonds if they can attain a noble gas structure by sharing __________ pairs or ___________ pairs of _________________. A bond that involves _______ shared pairs of electrons is a double covalent bond. A bond formed by sharing ___________ pairs of electrons is a triple covalent bond.

Slide 11 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Double and Triple Covalent Bonds Each oxygen atom has __________ unshared pairs of electrons. 8.2

Slide 12 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Double and Triple Covalent Bonds Carbon dioxide is an example of a ___________ molecule. 8.2 Carbon dioxide gas is soluble in water and is used to carbonate many beverages. A carbon dioxide molecule has ________ carbon-oxygen _______________ bonds.

Slide 13 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Coordinate Covalent Bonds In carbon monoxide, _____________ has a _____________ configuration but the ______________ does _______. 8.2

Slide 14 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > 8.2 Coordinate Covalent Bonds As shown below, the dilemma is solved if the _____________ donates _________ of its _____________ pairs of electrons for bonding.

Slide 15 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > 8.2 Coordinate Covalent Bonds A coordinate covalent bond is a covalent bond in which _________ _________ contributes ______ bonding electrons. In a structural formula, you can show coordinate covalent bonds as __________ that __________ from the atom donating the pair of electrons to the atom receiving them.

Slide 16 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Coordinate Covalent Bonds A __________________ ion, such as NH 4 +, is a tightly bound __________ of ___________ that has a _________ or ___________ charge and behaves as a _____________. Most plants need nitrogen that is already combined in a compound to grow. 8.2

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 17 of 50 Section Assessment 8.2

Slide 18 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Bond Dissociation Energies The energy required to _____________ the __________ between two covalently bonded atoms is known as the _________ _____________ energy. A _________ bond dissociation energy corresponds to a ___________ covalent bond. 8.2

Slide 19 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Resonance Ozone in the upper atmosphere ____________ harmful __________________ ____________ from the sun. At lower elevations, it ______________ to _____________. 8.2

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 20 of 50 The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Resonance The actual bonding of oxygen atoms in ozone is a _______________, or ______________, of the extremes represented by the _______________ ___________. 8.2

Slide 21 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Resonance A ______________ structure is a structure that occurs when it is _________ to ___________ __________ or _________ valid electron dot structures that have the ____________ number of ___________ _________ for a molecule or ion. 8.2

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Slide 22 of 50 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 8.2 The octet rule cannot be satisfied in molecules whose total number of valence electrons is an __________ number. There are also molecules in which an atom has ________, or ____________, than a complete ___________ of ______________ electrons.

Slide 23 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Exceptions to the Octet Rule _________ _______________ ____________ ____________ can be drawn for the NO 2 molecule. 8.2

Slide 24 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Nature of Covalent Bonding > Exceptions to the Octet Rule The electron dot structure for PCl 5 can be written so that phosphorus has __________ valence electrons. SF 6 has _________ valance electrons around the sulfur. 8.2