Mercury-containing Lamps Jennifer R. Dolin, LEED AP Manager, Sustainability and Environmental Affairs OSRAM SYLVANIA

PSI Page 2 What is mercury? It can neither be created nor destroyed Mercury is a naturally occurring element Mercury has special properties that make it the perfect element for use in lighting When mercury is charged, it produces UV, which excites the phosphor in a lamp, causing the phosphor to emit visible light

PSI Page 3 Brief science lesson on mercury-containing lamps Lamp begins life with pure mercury As lamp operates and ages, pure mercury is “consumed” » Combines with the glass » Combines with the phosphor » Combines with the deposits on the bulb wall around the filament » Combines with any other impurities in the lamp Amount not bound up is very small

PSI Page 4 Why use mercury-containing lighting products? 1) Reduce energy consumption 2) Meet building codes 3) Reduce maintenance costs and lamp replacements due to longer life 4) Improve look and feel of indoor spaces 5) Address safety issues

PSI Page 5 Types of mercury-containing lamps 1)Linear Fluorescent –Straight fluorescent tubes –U-shaped tubes –Circular tubes 2)Compact Fluorescent –Pin-based –Integrated ballasts (CFLi) 3)HID –Metal Halide –High pressure sodium –Mercury vapor

PSI Page 6 Where are mercury-containing lamps made? Fluorescent lamps –Three major manufacturers – GE, OSRAM SYLVANIA and Philips – manufacture lamps for US market primarily in NAFTA some newer types manufactured in Europe CFLs –Pin-based CFLs are made primarily in Europe and Asia –Virtually all CFLi are all made in China TCP is the leader in this market HID lamps –Manufactured primarily in NAFTA, but some in Europe, Latin America, and Asia

PSI Page 7 Number of lamps sold in the U.S. Linear Fluorescent - Approximately 600 million in Available for recycling 4 to 6 years later (commercial lamps) CFLi - ENERGY STAR estimates 290 million sold in Available for recycling 7-10 years later CFL pin-based - Approximately million - Available for recycling 3-4 years later HID - Approximately 38 million in Availability for recycling varies widely with type and use

PSI Page 8 How much mercury is in lamps? Fluorescent –Manufacturers have reduced the amount of mercury in linear fluorescents by over 90% over the past two decades –Average mercury content is 8.3 mg based on last NEMA survey in 2004 (currently working on new survey) CFLi –NEMA companies have committed to a maximum mercury content of 5 mg for CFLs up to 25W, and 6 mg for higher wattages –Current average is 3 to 4 mg

PSI Page 9 Amount of Mercury in Lamps mg Mercury Dose Manufacturer use recycled mercury in lamp manufacturing process

PSI Page 10 National 5-year Mercury Contribution Fluorescent Lamp vs. Incandescents Milligrams of mercury Lamp life – 20,000 hrs fluorescent, 750 hrs incandescent Number of lamps = 1 fluorescent, 21 incandescent Hg per lamp = average 8 mg fluorescent Based on fossil fuel power generation and 12 hour per day usage Emissions factors: U.S. EPA’s Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database’s (eGRID) [1] State Data MS-Excel tables-- eGRID [1] 2007 State-Level Average All (Total) Generation Electricity Emission Factors

PSI Page 11 Mercury Contribution Over 5 Years Compact Fluorescent Lamp vs. Incandescent Milligrams of Mercury Lamp life = 8000 hrs for CFL, 1000 hrs for incandescent Hours in use = 4 hours per day Number of lamps = 1 CFL, 8 incandescents Hg per CFL = 3 mg industry average Emissions factors: U.S. EPA’s Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database’s (eGRID) [1] State Data MS-Excel tables-- eGRID [1] 2007 State-Level Average All (Total) Generation Electricity Emission Factors