Examine the environmental and human factors affecting patterns and trends in physical water scarcity and economic water scarcity. 3 2 4 1

Physical factors affecting water supply Rate of rainfall Evaporation rate Transpiration by plants River and ground water flow

How much water is available to people….. 70% of earths surface is covered in water 97% of this is salt water in oceans 2.7% locked up in glaciers 0.3% in rivers and lakes for drinking Only 1% of all water is available for use by people

Human factors - Amount of water people are using is increasing due to: Population growth Urbanization – growth of towns and cities Development – as countries become richer they use more water in appliances such as showers and dishwashers Industrialization – growth of industries – most of which use water Irrigation in agriculture

Globally, water is used for………… Agriculture (farming) Industry (factories) Domestic (in the home) 9% 18% 73%

Key vocab… Where the demand for water is greater than the supply of water. Physical water scarcity does not have to be an arid environment, because demand for water in arid environments (deserts) is normally low meaning that there is no shortage. Where there is water available, but for some economic reason it is not possible to fully utilise the source of water. This might because extraction or transportation costs are too high, or because the water is polluted and it is not possible to treat it. When per capita (per person) water supply is less than 1700 m3 per year. 2.3 billion people CURRENTLY live in these areas. Water that is safe for human consumption. The water must be free from harmful pollutants and bacteria that could make people ill. Safe Drinking Water Economic Water Scarcity:  Water Stress: Physical Water Scarcity: 

Which of these products requires the most water to make Which of these products requires the most water to make? 1kg of cheese A liter of milk A kg of tomatoes A computer 1 hamburger 1 cup of coffee

Impact of agriculture on water scarcity Some countries eg. Kuwait import their food to conserve their own water Some countries (HIC’s like Israel) own farmland in other countries (usually LIC’s) and use their water to grow crops which are then exported. LIC water being used to grow HIC crops!! In poor countries, farmers use on average twice as much water per hc yet yields can be 3 times lower due to inefficient irrigation where water is lost to evaporation. Irrigation targeted at the roots of a plant is much better

What is the trend in water use?

What does this show in terms of a pattern in water consumption?

What are the patterns in water consumption for different uses?

A contrasting country – LIC of your choice http://www.unicef.org/media/media_61057.html What are the trends in LIC’s over time? http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_31600.html Why are women and girls more vulnerable to water shortages? Why are here differences between urban and rural access to water? Why are the young and old more vulnerable? How are water and sanitation linked to disease? http://www.wateraid.org/uk/ Choose a Country Answer these questions: What are the issues in relation to access to safe water (think about access and safety) What is water aid doing to provide better access for safe water – is there any evidence of success?