Reformation: Reforms in the Christian Church

Key Vocabulary Martin Luther Indulgences Latin Pope 95 Theses Reformation Catholics Protestants Excommunication Peace of Augsburg Counter Reformation Jesuits Inquisition

Questions 1. How did the Renaissance help the Reformation to begin? How did the Renaissance help spread the Reformation to other areas in Europe? —2. What issues did some Europeans have with the Catholic Church? 3.What steps did Martin Luther and others take to bring reforms to the Catholic Church? 4.Compare and contrast Catholic ideas with Protestant ideas. 5. What steps did the Catholic Church take to respond to the Reformation?

Renaissance Ideas Are Dangerous! The Renaissance caused many people to question life and seek understanding of how the world works. Nicholas Copernicus developed a theory that stated the Sun was the center of the universe – the Catholic Church said he was wrong – and banned his work. Galileo Galilei used a telescope and proved Copernicus was correct – the Catholic Church jailed Galileo- and banned his work.

Martin Luther The German monk Martin Luther ( ) was one of the most important critics of the church. – Wealth – Corruption – Indulgences – get out of hell cards!

Martin Luther He was troubled about the possibility of not going to heaven. He led a strict life, but was worried about sin. Luther read the writings of early Christian theologians, including St. Augustine, and the Bible. He found the answer he was looking for in Paul's Letter to the Romans (Romans 1:17 - "The righteous shall by his faith.") Only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

95 Theses In 1517, Luther wrote 95 Theses, or statements of beliefs, attacking church policies. Copies were printed on Gutenberg’s printing press, and handed out throughout Western Europe. The church responded by excommunicating Luther, and tried him for treason.

Bibles In My Own Language Before more damage could be done, Luther went into hiding. While in hiding, he translated the Bible from Latin into German so that all literate, German-speaking people could read it. Under Luther’s leadership, many Europeans began to challenge the practices of the Roman Catholic Church.

Protestants - Luther’s followers were called Protestants because they protested against the Catholic Church. Catholics Bible should be written in Latin. Church services should be spoken in Latin. A person must speak with a priest to have their prayers heard. The Pope is God’s representative on Earth. A person must do good works to go to Heaven. Protestants Bibles should be written in the language of its people. Church services should be spoken in the language of the people. A person should be allowed to pray directly to God. Who decides who is “God’s representative” on Earth? A person needs faith alone to get into Heaven.

Protestant Reformers Emerge King Henry VIII of England : England to Brussels – William Tyndale – translated the Bible into English. He was executed : France to Switzerland – John Calvin – believed in predestination, the idea that God new who would be saved even before they were born : England – King Henry VIII – outlawed the Catholic Church and declared himself the head of the Church in England or the Anglican Church…this was personal, not religious!

Spread of Protestant Reformation By 1600, Protestantism had spread to England and the Scandinavian Peninsula. Protestants pushed to expand education for more Europeans. They did this because being able to read meant being able to study the Bible thanks to copies being made from Gutenberg’s printing press. They also encouraged translation of the Bible into the native language of each country. Leaders encouraged Protestantism because it weakend the power of the Pope and the Church in the land they ruled.

The Counter Reformation The Roman Catholic Church responded – positively and negatively- to the Reformation by launching its own movement in the mid-16 th century. As part of this movement, called the Counter Reformation, the church … – stopped selling indulgences, – Banned Protestant books and the Protestant faith, – Fought religious wars, – Missionaries to spread the Catholic faith called Jesuits, or Society of Jesus.

The Spanish Inquisition 1. An organization of priests who looked for and punished anyone who practiced religion other than the Catholic faith of Christianity to Started by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, who wanted only Christians in their kingdom. 4. Jews and Muslims were forced to convert or leave Spain….later, Protestants were sought. 5. Although records are incomplete, estimates of the number of persons charged with crimes by the Inquisition range up to 150,000 with 2,000 to 5,000 people actually executed.

Peace of Augsburg Many people and leaders in Western Europe still supported the Catholic Church. This conflict led to religious wars that ended in At that time, the Peace of Augsburg declared that German rulers could decide the official religion of their own state.

Thirty Years’ War The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars in and around the Holy Roman Empire between 1618 and 1648 lasting for thirty years. Land, people, economy in destruction. The wars ended with The Peace of Westphalia – which gave Protestant Princes in the Holy Roman Empire the right to continue their practices, and began to weaken and increase the power among other countries and states in Europe.

Who won? Both sides seemed to have both won and lost….. Europe still remained in limbo over what do with the religion of Europe… the control of Popes and rulers………and the rights of people. Areas today (Northern Ireland) still have arguments between Catholics and Protestants.