THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES AGAINST INFECTION INCLUDE THE SKIN MUCOUS MEMBRANES PHAGOCYTIC CELLS ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE MEANS THAT THEY DON’T DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MICROBES THE SKIN IS THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE THE RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS ARE OPEN TO THE ENVIRONMENT; LINED WITH MUCUS TO PREVENT BACTERIAS (MICROBES) FROM ENTERING

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE MEANS THAT THEY DON’T DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MICROBES IF MICROBES DO ENTER THE BODY CELLS OR TISSUES THEN NEUTROPHILS AND MONOCYTES ATTACK FOREIGN BODY PHAGOCYTIC CELLS

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE MEANS THAT THEY DON’T DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MICROBES IF MICROBES DO ENTER THE BODY CELLS OR TISSUES THEN NEUTROPHILS AND MONOCYTES ATTACK FOREIGN BODY MACROPHAGES LARGE MONOCYTES THAT WANDER ACTIVELY THROUGH INTERSTITIAL FLUID

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE MEANS THAT THEY DON’T DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MICROBES IF MICROBES DO ENTER THE BODY CELLS OR TISSUES THEN NEUTROPHILS AND MONOCYTES ATTACK FOREIGN BODY NATURAL KILLER CELLS  ATTACK CANCER CELLS AND INFECTED BODY CELLS INTERFERONS  PROTEINS PRODUCED BY VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS THAT HELP OTHER CELLS RESIST VIRUSES (VIRUS INFECTION ACTIVATES INTERFERON GENE) COMPLEMENT PROTEINS  COAT SURFACES OF MICROBES TO EASE PHAGOCYTOSIS, CUT HOLES IN MICROBE MEMBRANE, OR AMPLIFY INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE MOBILIZES NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE FORCES

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM INFLAMMTORY RESPONSE MAJOR COMPONENT OF OUR NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE SYSTEM DAMANGED CELLS RELEASE CHEMICAL ALARM SIGNALS LIKE HISTAMINE DILATES THE BLOOD VESSELS MAKING THEM LEAKIER CHEMICALS SPARK THE MOBILIZATION OF VARIOUS DEFENSES THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS GATHERED IN THE AREA ENGULF THE BACTERIA AND THE REMAINS OF ANY DAMAGED OR DEAD CELLS

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE HELPS PREVENT SPREAD OF INFECTION BY RELEASING CLOTTING FACTORS INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE MAY BE LOCALIZED OR WIDESPREAD (EX. FEVER) WIDESPREAD INFLAMMATION CAN BE DANGEROUS SEPTIC SHOCK  BACTERIAL INFECTION THAT BRINGS ABOUT OVERWHELMING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM BECOMES A CRUCIAL BATTLEGROUND DURING INFECTION

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM LYMPHATIC SYSTEM CONSISTS OF A BRANCHING NETWORK OF VESSELS, NUMEROUS LYMPH NODS (SAC-LIKE ORGANS PACKED WITH THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS CALLED LYMPHOCYTES), THE TONSILS AND ADENOIDS, THE APPENDIX AND THE SPLEEN

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM LYMPHATIC SYSTEM ALSO INCLUDES THE BONE MARROW AND THYMUS (SITES WHERE WHITE BLOOD CELLS DEVELOP) 2 MAIN FUNCTIONS RETURN TISSUE FLUID TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM FIGHT INFECTION LYMPH FLUID CARRIED IN THE LYMPATHIC VESSELS; SIMILAR TO INTERSTITIAL FLUID BUT LESS OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS **SWOLLEN GLANDS ARE THE RESULT OF LYMPH NODES MAKING EXTRA LYMPHOCYTES TO FIGHT INFECTION

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM THE IMMUNE RESPONSE COUNTERS SPECIFIC INVADERS IMMUNE SYSTEM  RECOGNIZES AND DEFENDS AGAINST INVADING MICROBES AND AGAINST CANCER CELLS ANTIGEN  A MOLECULE THAT ELICITS AN IMMUNE REPONSE ANTIBODY  A PROTEIN FOUND IN BLOOD PLASMA THAT ATTACHES TO ONE PARTICULAR KIND OF ANTIGEN AND HELPS COUNTER ITS EFFECTS

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM THE IMMUNE RESPONSE COUNTERS SPECIFIC INVADERS IMMUNE SYSTEM HAS A REMARKABLE “MEMORY”; ONCE IT ENCOUNTERS AN ANTIGEN IT REMEMBERS IT AND CAN COMBAT IT VERY QUICKLY IMMUNITY  RESISTANCE TO SPECIFIC INVADERS

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IMMUNITY  RESISTANCE TO SPECIFIC INVADERS CAN BE ACQUIRED NATURALLY OR BY VACCINATION VACCINE  HARMLESS VARIANT OF A DISEASE- CAUSING MICROBE STIMULATES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO MOUNT DEFENSES AGAINST THE VARIANT

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IMMUNITY 2 FORMS ACTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY BODY IS STIMULATED TO PRODUCE ITS OWN ANTIBODIES PASSIVE IMMUNITY BODY IS GIVEN ANTIBODIES (NOT PERMANENT!!) EXAMPLES INCLUDE: FETUS GETS FROM MOTHER; A DIRECT SHOT OF ANTIBODIES

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM LYMPHOCYTES MOUNT A DUAL DEFENSE LYMPHOCYTES WHITE BLOOD CELLS THAT SPEND MOST OF THEIR TIME IN THE TISSUES AND ORGANS OF THE LYMPATIC SYSTEM

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM B CELLS ARISE FROM IMMATURE LYMPHOCYTES THAT DEVELOP IN THE BONE MARROW GIVE RISTER TO HUMORAL IMMUNITY IMMUNITY OCCURING IN THE BODY FLUIDS

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM T CELLS ANTIGEN RECEPTORS ARISE FROM IMMATURE LYMPHOCYTES THAT DEVELOP IN THE THYMUS GIVE RISE TO CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY ATTACKS INFECTED CELLS ANTIGEN RECEPTORS MOLECULES CAPABLE OF BINDING TO A SPECIFIC TYPE OF ANTIGEN

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CLONAL SELECTION MUSTERS DEFENSIVE FORCES AGAINST SPECIFIC ANTIGENS CLONAL SELECTION ATTACHMENT OF AN ANTIGEN TO A SPECIFIC LYMPHOCYTE CAUSES MULTIPLICATION OF THAT LYMPHOCYTES VIA MITOSIS

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM THE INITIAL IMMUNE RESPONSE RESULTS IN A TYPE OF “MEMORY” IT TAKES TWO EXPOSURES TO AN ANTIGEN TO MOUNT THE STRONGEST IMMUNE RESPONSE

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM THE INITIAL IMMUNE RESPONSE RESULTS IN A TYPE OF “MEMORY” PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE OCCURS WHEN LYMPHOCYTES ARE FIRST EXPOSED TO AN ANTIGEN AND FORM A CLONE OF EFFECTOR CELLS SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE AFTER PRIMARY; SECOND EXPOSURE ELICITS FASTER, STRONGER RESPONSE MEMORY CELLS MADE AT SAME TIME AS EFFECTOR CELLS; DIFFER IN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION; MAY LAST FOR DECADES

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OVERVIEW: B CELLS ARE THE MAIN WARRIORS OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY PLASMA CELLS ANOTHER NAME FOR EFFECTOR B CELLS, THE ONES PRODUCING ANTIBODIES ANTIBODIES ARE THE WEAPONS OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY ANTIBODY HAS 2 RELATED FUNCTIONS RECOGNIZE AND BIND TO CERTAIN ANTIGENS ASSIST IN NEUTRALIZING THE ANTIGEN ANTIGEN-BINDING SITE REGION OF THE MOLECULE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ANTIBODY’S RECOGNITION-AND-BINDING FUNCTION

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ANTIBODIES MARK ANTIGENS FOR ELIMINATION ANTIBODIES BIND TO FORM ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN COMPLEX WHICH ALLOWS FOR ANTIGEN DESTRUCTION

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ARE POWERFUL TOOLS IN THE LAB AND CLINIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ALL THE CELLS PRODUCING THE ANTIBODIES ARE DESCENDANTS OF A SINGLE CELL AND THEREFORE ARE IDENTICAL GREAT PROMISE IN MEDICINE AND RESEARCH

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM T CELLS MOUNT THE CELL-MEDIATED DEFENSE AND AID HUMORAL IMMUNITY 2 MAIN KINDS OF T CELLS

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM T CELLS MOUNT THE CELL-MEDIATED DEFENSE AND AID HUMORAL IMMUNITY 2 MAIN KINDS OF T CELLS CYTOTOXIC T CELLS ATTACK BODY CELLS THAT ARE INFECTED WITH PATHOGENS HELPER T CELLS HELP ACTIVATE CYTOTOXIC T CELLS AND MACROPHAGES, EVEN HELP STIMULATE B CELLS TO PRODUCE ANTIBODIES

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM T CELLS MOUNT THE CELL-MEDIATED DEFENSE AND AID HUMORAL IMMUNITY CYTOTOXIC T CELLS ATTACK BODY CELLS THAT ARE INFECTED WITH PATHOGENS CTYOTOXIC T CELLS BIND TO ANTIGEN WHEN BOUND IT CAUSES THE PRODUCTION OF PERFORIN PROTEIN THAT CUTS HOLES IN MEMBRANE ALLOWS OTHER PROTEINS TO ENTER AND CAUSE DEATH OF ANTIGEN

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM T CELLS MOUNT THE CELL-MEDIATED DEFENSE AND AID HUMORAL IMMUNITY CYTOTOXIC T CELLS MAY HELP PREVENT CANCER MONITOR CELLS AND DESTROY CANCEROUS ONES IT’S A MYSTERY WHY THEY STOP WORKING

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM T CELLS MOUNT THE CELL-MEDIATED DEFENSE AND AID HUMORAL IMMUNITY HELPER T CELLS HELP ACTIVATE CYTOTOXIC T CELLS AND MACROPHAGES, EVEN HELP STIMULATE B CELLS TO PRODUCE ANTIBODIES

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM THE IMMUNE SYSTEM DEPENDS ON OUR MOLECULAR FINGERPRINTS MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHCs) GROUP OF SELF-PROTEIN GENES PROTEINS FOUND ON OWN CELLS; MARK THEM AS “OFF-LIMITS” TO IMMUNE SYSTEM

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM MALFUNCTION OR FAILURE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CAUSES DISEASE AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES RESULTS WHEN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM GOES AWRY AND TURNS AGAINST THE BODY’S OWN MOLECULES (EXAMPLE = LUPUS)

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM MALFUNCTION OR FAILURE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CAUSES DISEASE IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES LACK ONE OR MORE COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, AND ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO INFECTIONS THAT ORDINARILY WOULD NOT CAUSE A PROBLEM (EXAMPLE = HODGKIN’S; AIDS)

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ALLERGIES ARE OVERREACTIONS TO CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL ANTIGENS ALLERGIES ABNORMAL SENSITIVITIES TO ANTIGENS IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ALLERGIES ARE OVERREACTIONS TO CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL ANTIGENS ALLERGENS ANTIGENS THAT CAUSE ALLERGIES MAST CELLS NORMAL BODY CELLS THAT PRODUCE HISTAMINE AND OTHER CHEMICALS THAT TRIGGER THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ANTIHISTAMINES DRUGS THAT INTERFERE WITH HISTAMINE’S ACTION AND GIVE TEMPORARY RELIEF FROM AN ALLERGY ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK VERY SEVERE (POSSIBLY FATAL) ALLERGIC REACTION CAN BE COUNTERED WITH AN INJECTION OF EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE)

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AIDS LEAVE THE BODY DEFENSELESS HIV DESTROYS THE HELPER T CELLS; TURNING OFF HUMORAL AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES LEAVES THE BODY DEFENSELESS AND OPEN TO OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS AIDS DOESN’T KILL, OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS DUE

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM SOME THINGS THAT ARE BAD FOR US; OR THAT ARE NOT SUPPOSED TO BE INSIDE OF US, ARE THE RESULT OF CHEMICAL (METABOLIC) REACTIONS IN OUR CELLS…OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM CAN’T BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THESE WE NEED THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM!!!