What Will Happen to Technical Services?  Remaining processes will be either very easy or very complex  Either very complex or very simple  Backlogs not an option  Immediate availability is the rule  Technical Services tasks migrate to many Divisions

Changing Standards  Replacement for MARC due in five years  Replacement may determine fate of Technical Services  How will this happen?

What’s Wrong With MARC  MARC does not express relationships between materials  MARC does not work well for archives and digitized materials

What’s Wrong With MARC  Not intuitive  Too much detail  “Buried” information

MARC’s Replacement Must be:  Intuitive  Streamlined  Fully Machine-Readable and manipulable

MARC’s Replacement  Must be a standard suitable for what is now non-MARC metadata

RDA: Not The Future  Not adequate for non-print materials  Doesn’t deal with part/whole relationships  Poorly written and organized

What IS The Future?  What will happen next?  “Big Heads” don’t know  Future is wide open

Restructuring Monographs Acquisitions: Adopting New Technologies to New Markets Michael Luesebrink, MLIS, PhD Monographs Acquisitions Librarian Florida State University Libraries

It’s a Matter of Economics The contemporary academic library of the Twenty-First Century is in the midst of transformation…  From traditional librarian centric, supply side driven model  To an innovative user centric demand driven model  Acquisition units are at the forefront of this transformative process

Objectives of Discussion  Describe changing acquisitions workflows Adapting technological efficiencies  Describe changing acquisition’s role in 21 st century information landscape Innovative economic models i.e. PDA  Describe new staffing roles in acquisitions Adopting new skill sets

Book placed in Stacks Request placed by patron Book invoiced, processed Book sent to Acquisitions Order placed with vendor Patron uses book, finds references Traditional Acquisitions Cycle

Changing Workflows Libraries Monographs Acquisitions Unit organizational Structure: Past  Traditional model: Monographs & Serials  Monograph Acquisitions Unit  Staff of seven  Staff roles:  Ordering and invoicing monographs  Library of Congress cataloging

Changing Workflows Libraries Monographs Acquisitions Unit organizational Structure: Today  Staff of five; two less library associates  Staff roles  Ordering and invoicing  Reduced Library of Congress cataloging  Actually substantial increased productivity  So, what’s changed?

Innovative Models: Patron Driven Acquisitions  Patron Driven Acquisitions (PDA):  Innovative acquisitions model  Seamless acquisition or lending of e-books  Purchase triggered by threshold  Hybrid model evolving

Patron Driven Acquisitions Cycle Book now part of collection Patron sees E-book in OPAC Book is seamlessly acquired Book triggers threshold Patron accesses e-book E-book in PDA profile/ package

Changing Role of Acquisitions PDA: Historical Context  PDA programs emerged in early 2000’s  Different models are developing  For example Florida has statewide initiatives UF-FSU SUS consortium initiative

Changing Role of Acquisitions PDA: What does it bring to the table?  Point of demand acquisition responds to users  Efficient use of funds  Research studies are inconclusive

Changing Role of Acquisitions PDA: What are publishing issues? Supply driven  Muddied waters of book publishing industry  Copyright/licensing issues  Publishers rely on print revenue streams.  Academic publishers like e-journal model  E-book technology more user friendly  Approval plan conundrum

Changing Role of Acquisitions PDA: How does it affect acquisitions staff and change workflow activities?  Saves time placing orders and invoicing, a good fit in demand driven market  Segues well with e-book market: focus - price, delivery time, content  Allows selectors to focus, identifying difficult to find items, and refine strategic collection development outcomes

Changing Role of Acquisitions PDA: How does it affect acquisitions staff and change workflow activities?  Acquisitions need strong IT skill sets  Need adaptability and flexibility  Critical thinking skills  Adopt new technologies as they emerge

In Summation “On demand information delivery requires that libraries re-conceptualize how they provide information to users. The fundamental library role of facilitating access to information remains, but how libraries accomplish this and who their partners will be are changing significantly.” Douglas Jones

The Future of Bibliographic Control

Scope of this discussion  Current trends:  Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Description (FRBR)  Resource Description and Access (RDA)  Library Linked Data  Timeline of the Collection and Organization of the Human Record… and into the Future

Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records Value Creator Title A Christmas Carol Charles Dickens Value Attributes Entity = Work User Tasks Find Identify Select Obtain Entity-Relationship Model

Final Report. Section 3.2 Work Expression Manifestation Item created by realized by produced by owned by Person Family Corporate Body Corporate Body Group 1 Entities Group 2 Entities

IFLA. Final Report. Section 3.3 Work Expression Manifestation Item Work has as its subject Person Family Corporate Body Corporate Body Concept Object Event Place Group 1 Entity Group 1 EntitiesGroup 2 EntitiesGroup 3 Entities

AACR2 Record

RDA Record

FRBR and RDA lay the foundation for Library Linked Data  Now: Boxed Data (MARC record)  Future: Library Linked Data on the Semantic Web

Title: The Nature and future of the catalog / edited by Maurice J. Freedman. Publication: Phoenix, AZ : Oryx Press, Description: xvi, 317 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index. Subject: Cataloging--Congresses. Added name: Freedman, Maurice J. Title: The Nature and future of the catalog / edited by Maurice J. Freedman. Publication: Phoenix, AZ : Oryx Press, Description: xvi, 317 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index. Subject: Cataloging--Congresses. Added name: Freedman, Maurice J. Dumb Terminal OPAC Next Gen Catalog

Boxed Data

Semantic Web & Linked Data  Post-MARC metadata  XML-based data sets and catalogs Bowen, Jennifer. Moving Library Metadata toward Linked Data: Opportunities Provided by the Exensible Catalog.

Library Linked Data Elements of description expressed as data sets linked by identifiers

Linked Data

Timeline of the Collection & Organization of the Human Record… and into the Future

Innovations?  Embedded Metadata:  Not only for electronic documents  Nano chip RFID embedded paper  New interfaces for Post-MARC cataloging:  Fields for free text  Fields that auto fill  Pull down from controlled vocabularies

Bibliography » Bowen, Jennifer. Moving Library Metadata toward Linked Data: Opportunities Provided by the Exensible Catalog. Proc. Int’l Conf. on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications p » Clancy, Michael. From Memory to Written Record. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, » ______. Looking Back from the Invention of Printing. In Literacy in Historical Perspective. Edited by D.P. Resnick. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, » Coyle, Karen. Understanding the Semantic Web: Bibliographic Data and Metadata. Library Technology Reports (46:1; January 2010). » Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural » MoreRFID - Secured Digital to Introduce Nano Chip RFID Embedded Paper in Q Accessed April 9, play=RFID » Rubin, E. Richard. Foundations of Library and Information Science. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc., p » Transformations in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, » Thompson, James Westfall. Ancient Libraries. Hamden, Conn.: Archon, All graphics created by Annie Glerum. All images either public domain or Creative Commons license. Attributions for timeline animation: 3000 B.C. Marcin Wichary; Book of the Dead #1. McKay Savage; Cordoba Mihrab. James Gordon.

Online Catalog : Encoded MARC Bibliographic Record cam a a MARC s1961 dcu b eng 010 __ |a __ |a (OCoLC)ocm __ |a DLC |c CWR |d DLC |d OCLCQ |d BTCTA |d OCLCG |d DLC ILS, CC 042 __ |a lccopycat 043 __ |a n-us |a UA927 |b.M _ |a Mack, Raymond W |a The occasion instant : |b the structure of social responses to unanticipated air raid warnings / |c by Raymond W. Mack, George W. Baker ; Foreword by Robin M. Williams, Jr. 260 __ |a Washington, |b National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, |c __ |a xv, 69 p. ; |c 25 cm _ |a National Research Council (U.S.). Disaster Research Group. Disaster study, |v no __ |a National Research Council. Publication __ |a Includes bibliographical references (p ). AACR 650 _0 |a Civil defense |z United States. 650 _0 |a Air warfare |x Psychological aspects _ |a Baker, George W. |q (George Walter), |d |e joint author _ |a National Research Council (U.S.). |b Disaster Research Group. |t Disaster study ; |v no _0 |a Publication (National Research Council (U.S.)) ; |v |3 Table of contents |u [1]

Current Cataloging Standards Anglo American Cataloging Rules – AACR2 These are to be replaced with:  Resource Description Access - RDA  New bibliographic description standard for the digital age

Now Libraries are being told to look to the future and expose the bibliographic data in our catalogs as linked data on the Semantic Web.

Semantic Web and Linked Data The Semantic Web is a "web of data" that enables machines to understand the semantics, or meaning, of information on the World Wide Web. "W3C Semantic Web Frequently Asked Questions". W3C. Viewed October, 18, 2011.

Current Visualization of the Linked Data Cloud [2]

Within the cloud: LCSH and VIAF [3]

 The Machine Application layer of Linked Data is where most librarians hit a wall when getting involved with Linked Open Data.  The explanation of Extensible Markup Language (XML), Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), Resource Description Framework (RDF) with talk about subject, predicate, object triples is difficult to understand.

Tim Berners-Lee (2006) the originator of the linked data concept, outlines its four main rules:  Use URIs as names for things  Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names  When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using Web standards  Include links to other URIs so that they can discover more things [4]

With limited staff and very tight budgets, many libraries will wait to see what direction the earlier adaptors will go.  Most Academic Libraries catalog their original records in OCLC and then export into their local catalogs.  Policies and licensing issues with data is a big concern.

In the blog “Managing Metadata” - Sept. 27, 2011 by Laura Caltech Libraries: » Focus instead on authority records and on enhancing our repositories. We can add value for our customers. Concentrate on the unique metadata that exposes the work of the faculty, researchers and Ph.D. graduates in our organizations.

VIAF Virtual International Authority File  VIAF, implemented and hosted by OCLC, is joint project of several national libraries plus selected regional and trans-national library agencies.  The VIAF project's goal is to lower the cost and increase the utility of library authority files by matching and linking widely-used authority files and making that information available on the Web.

» National Library of Australia » National Library of the Czech Republic » Bibliotheca Alexandrina (Egypt) » Bibliothèque nationale de France » Deutsche Nationalbibliothek » Getty Research Institute » National Library of Israel » Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico (Italy) » Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal » Biblioteca Nacional de España » National Library of Sweden » Swiss National Library » Library of Congress/NACO » Vatican Library » NUKAT Center (Poland) » Library and Archives Canada » National Széchényi Library (Hungary) » RERO (Switzerland) » Russian State Library-test VIAF Members

VIAF  have the “potential” for international sharing  The authorized forms can be shared through the VIAF project  What is important is not the “text” but the URI (uniform resource identifier)  Example:

» John Paul II, Pope, » Jean-Paul II, pape, » Juan Pablo II, Papa » Jean Paul II, pape » Johannes Paulus Papa, II » Iohannes Paulus PP. II, » Jan Pavel II., papež, » Johannes Paulus II, påve, » Jan Paweł II (papież ; ). » Ioannes Paulus » John Paul II, Pope lived1920 »יוחנן פאולוס 2, אפיפיור, »يوحنا بولس، الثانى، البابا، م. » VIAF ID:35605 URI Example:

Bibliography » “Encoding bibliographic data: the things and strings of the semantic web”, Karen Coyle. ALA Presentation. June 24, [1] » “Linked data: the play’s the thing”, Ed Jones. ALA Presentation. June 24, [2-3] » “Practical strategies for cataloging departments,” Rebecca L. Lubas, editor. Libraries Unlimited, c2011. p. 40. [4]