Crucifixion: Origin, History, and Method of Punishment

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Presentation transcript:

Crucifixion: Origin, History, and Method of Punishment Used and Edited by Permission for Fr. Tom Hart Copyright 1999 Presented for World Religions By: Shane N. Sirianni 4.27.1999

The Definition Crucifixion: cru·ci·fix·ion Pronunciation: "krü-s&-'fik-sh&n” Function: noun 1 a capitalized : the crucifying of Christ b : the act of crucifying 2 : extreme and painful punishment, affliction, or suffering

Origins of Crucifixion Found in written texts as early as 475 B.C. Believed to have been started by Persians and used in Egypt and Carthage. Greeks adopted form of crucifixion. Romans perfected it as a torture designed to produce maximum pain and a slow death.

Reason for crucifixion Enemies of government Radicals Treason (Slave treason) Crimes against state Religious treason Intimidation (Slaves & Rebels) Thievery

The Method of Crucifixion Victim was sentenced Flogged Taken to public viewing location Feet nailed, arms tied/nailed to cross

Crucifixion Experience Flogged with leather whip with steel tips Carry *own cross from prison to execution site Nails are used to attach victims feet/wrists to cross. Usually took 3-4 hammer hits per appendage Improper placement of nails caused victims to rip from nail; Had to be re-nailed Legs were broken if death to hasten wait; Legs couldn’t support body and suffocation lead to death It would have been the cross bar.

Crucifixion Experience Cont’d Length of suffering per victim was determined by soldiers in charge; (3-4 hours - 3-4 days) Insects would light upon or burrow into the open wounds or the eyes, ears, and nose of the dying; birds of prey would tear at these sites while victim was alive. Most died of suffocation, dehydration, exhaustion, shock, blood clots Soldiers must wait until victim died before leaving; Soldiers would spear victims to test for death Victim rarely was allowed to be taken down after death to be buried; Usually left on cross to be consumed by birds & animals and remains left to rot

Crucifixion in History The crucifixion of 6,000 followers of Spartacus along the Appian Way [~ 71 BC] Alexander the Great had 2,000 survivors from the siege of Tyre crucified on the shores of the Mediterranean Used commonly to discourage slave revolts in early times [~100BC] Jesus of Nazareth was crucified by Pilate Friday, April *7th, 30 A.D. (?) King Antiochus Epiphanes crucified thousands of Jews. Jews retaliated with Maccabean revolt [37-95A.D]

Depiction off mass crucifixion of Sparticus followers along Appian Way in 71 B.C. Peter Connally

Crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth

Jesus of Nazareth Crucified on grounds of a religious rebellious figure against Roman authority Suffered typical crucifixion of times Flogged Carried own cross Nailed through hands and feet Died after several hours on cross Was allowed to be buried

Crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth Study by JAMA (JAMA 1986;255:1455-1463) Flogging Effects Deep stripe-like lacerations Massive blood loss Onset of hypovolemic shock Crucifixion Hemorrhaging into the sweat glands Extreme exhaustion Punctures through carpals of wrist and feet

Crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth Study by JAMA (JAMA 1986;255:1455-1463) Died within 4 hours of crucifixion Most Likely causes of Death for Jesus Heart Attack/Stroke Suffocation Cardiac Rupture Hypovolemic Shock Speared in Lung

Art work of the Crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth

Pablo Ruiz Picasso La crucifixion (1915-18)

CRANACH, Lucas the Elder The Crucifixion (1500-03)

RAFFAELLO Santi Christ Falls on the Way to Calvary 1517

ANDREA DA FIRENZE Crucifixion (detail) 1365-68

BREU Jörg the Elder Crucifixion (1524)

Shroud of Turin

Shroud of Turin Actual Picture Negative Image Contains image of crucified body Hands & feet contain crucifixion marks Believed to be the burial shroud of Jesus of Nazareth Scientific proof is inconclusive of dating, authenticity

End of Crucifixion

End of Crucifixion Crucifixions were abolished by Constantine, in 337 A.D. Estimated 50,000-100,000 deaths by crucifixion from 500B.C.-330A.D.

Conclusion of Crucifixion

Conclusion of Crucifixion Introduced around 500BC by Persians Alexander the Great adopts crucifixion for Greeks Roman Empire adopts crucifixion to control slaves Roman occupation of Palestine uses crucifixion for religious and political persecution. Jesus of Nazareth is crucified Friday, April 7th, 30 AD. Constantine abolishes crucifixion in 337 A.D.

Websites for further information Crucifixion as a Death Penalty - http://www.mindspring.com/~stjoseph/crucifix.html Crucufixion Antiquity - http://www.centuryone.com/crucifixion2.html Shroud of Turin - http://www.shroudofturin.com