Biochemistry of Blood Elements Vladimíra Kvasnicová The figure is found at (March 2007)

Blood Elements Count erythrocytes4 - 6 x 10 6 /  l leukocytes4 - 9 x 10 3 /  l neutrophils % eosinophils % basophils % lymphocytes % monocytes % thrombocytes x 10 3 /  l

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) The figure is found at (March 2007)

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) 1.Function  erythrocyte as a bag for hemoglobin  O 2 → transport, reactive oxygen species (ROS)  CO 2 → transport, formation of HCO 3 -  H + → transport, maintaining pH (35% of blood buffering capacity)

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) 2.Structure  large surface (diffusion of gases)  cytoskeletal proteins (elasticity)  membrane as an osmometer (Na + /K + -ATPase) The figure is found at (March 2007)

The figure is found at (March 2007) hemolysis (blood, plasma) What happens to red blood cells when placed in hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions? osmolarity (285 mosmol/l) acanthocytes

The figures are found at and (March 2007) Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) membrane and cytoskeletal proteins hereditary spherocytosis

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) 3. membrane transporters  Na + /K + -ATPase (active transport)  GLUT-1 (insulin independent)  anion exchanger = band 3 protein (Cl - /HCO 3 - ) 4. membrane antigens  blood groups

The figure is found at (March 2007) ABO system

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) 5. metabolism  glucose is the main fuel  90% anaerobic glycolysis (ATP, lactate: Cori cycle; 2,3-BPG)  10% hexose monophosphate pathway (NADPH)  enzyme defects : * glucose-6-P dehydrogenase * pyruvate kinase → hemolytic anemia

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) 5. other important enzymes  carbonate dehydratase (= carbonic anhydrase, CA)  methemoglobin reductase  superoxide dismutase  catalase antioxidative system  glutathione peroxidase  glutathione reductase

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) superoxide dismutase (SOD) O 2 + O H +  H 2 O 2 + O 2 catalase (CAT) H 2 O 2 + H 2 O 2  2 H 2 O + O 2

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 2 GSH + H 2 O 2  GS-SG + 2 H 2 O 2 GSH + R-O-OH  GS-SG + H 2 O + ROH The figure is found at ethods2003/graphics/?M=A (March 2007) ethods2003/graphics/?M=A glutathione = „redox buffer“

The figure is found at (March 2007) Hexose Monophosphate Pathway glutathione reductase GS-SG + NADPH+H + 2 GSH + NADP +

The figure is found at (March 2007) 2 Glutathione system NADPH+H +

The figure is found at (March 2007) Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) 6. Erythropoesis

The figure is found at (March 2007) White Blood Cells (leukocytes)

Classification granulocytes  neutrophils (phagocytosis)  eosinophils (alergy, parasites)  basophils (alergy) agranulocytes  monocytes → macrophages  lymphocytes (B, T)

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in blood elements ERYTHROCYTES  enzymes for deactivation of ROS formed from high content of oxygen found in the cells PHAGOCYTES  enzymes for production of ROS and RNS to destroy particles in phagosomes

White Blood Cells (leukocytes) Neutrophils (microphages) high content of lysosoms (hydrolytic enzymes) few mitochondria glucose dependent: NADPH production NADPH is used for production of reactive oxygen species → they kill bacteria after activation: RESPIRATORY BURST = increased consumption of O 2 and glucose

The figure is found at (March 2007) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by neutrophils ClO -

White Blood Cells (leukocytes) The figure is found at (March 2007) NO · is a reactive nitrogen species used by phagocytes i NOS

White Blood Cells (leukocytes) proteolytic enzymes /  elastase  collagenase  gelatinase  kathepsin G protease inhibitors   1 -protease inhibitor (=  1 -antitrypsin)   1 -antichymotrypsin   2 -macroglobulin produced by phagocytes = plasma proteins Their ratio affects an extent of inflammation!

The figures are found at and (March 2007) Basofils contain heparin and histamine

The figure is found at (March 2007) B-lymphocytes produce antibodies (= immunoglobulins,  -globulins) (  or ) ( , , , ,  )

The figure is found at (March 2007) Platelets (thrombocytes)

The figure is found at (March 2007) Platelets (thrombocytes) participate in hemostasis adhesion: glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (hyalomera) activation: free collagen, thrombin, ADP, TxA 2, serotonin contraction of thrombus: Ca 2+, glycogen, ATP