Hardware, Software, and Mobile Systems Chapter 4 Hardware, Software, and Mobile Systems

"... If We Don’t Have an iPad App, We Don’t Have a Business." GearUp not competitive without iPad app Lack of knowledge could waste money and time Outsourcing to India? Open source? What have others done? Conflict between low cost and technical competitiveness GOALS Illustrate need for business professionals’ knowledge of basic technology and terminology. Learn a practical application for difference between hardware (iPad) and software (iOS). Set up need for business managers (like Emily and Drew) to know about the differences between native and thin-client applications. Set up need for business managers (like Emily and Drew) to know about mobile devices and mobile device USX. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Study Questions Q1: What do business professionals need to know about computer hardware? Q2: What do business professionals need to know about software? Q3: Is open source software a viable alternative? Q4: What are the differences between native and thin-client applications? Q5: Why are mobile systems increasingly important? Q6: What characterizes quality mobile user experiences? Q7: What are the challenges of personal mobile devices at work? Q8: 2023? Chapter begins with basic hardware and software concepts followed by discussions of open source software development, and differences between native and thin-client applications. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Q1: What Do Business Professionals Need to Know About Computer Hardware? Basic types of hardware Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Server farm Large collection of coordinated servers Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Computer Data All forms of computer data are represented by bits. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Important Storage-Capacity Terminology Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Memory Swapping When RAM too small to hold all open programs and data CPU loads program segments into free memory If none available, O/S swaps out existing segment, to a disk and copies requested segment to freed space Swapping slows down computer Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Specifying Hardware with Computer Data Sizes CPU speed expressed in hertz Slow = 1.5 GHz; Fast = 3+ GHz 32-bit or 64-bit 64-bit for 4+ GB memory Processing large spreadsheets, database files, picture, sound, or movie files; using many large applications at same time Cache and main memory are volatile CPU has cache memory to keep a copy of frequently used instructions. Having a large cache makes computer faster, but more expensive. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Q2: What Do Business Professionals Need to Know About Software? Basic Categories of Computer Software Servers provide services, such as email, Web sites, large and shared databases. Some provide all these, or similar, functions. Must be fast, have multiple CPUs, lots of main memory (at least 4GB), very large disks (often terabyte or more). Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

What Are the Major Operating Systems? Windows 8 Metro-style applications are touch-screen oriented and minimize non-user data by providing context-sensitive, pop-up menus. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

What Are the Major Operating Systems? (cont'd) Five principal mobile operating systems and three most popular server operating systems. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Windows 8 Metro Interface Key feature of Metro-style applications is minimization of menu bars, status lines, other visual overhead. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Virtualization Host operating system Runs one or more operating systems as applications PC virtualization Personal computer hosts several different operating systems Server virtualization Server computer hosts other server computers Makes cloud computing feasible Virtual desktop Allows access from any computer a user has authorization to use Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Virtualization: Windows Server Computer Hosting Two Virtual Machines Virtualization – process by which one computer hosts appearance of many computers. Host operating system runs one or more operating systems as applications. Hosted operating systems called virtual machines. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

How Virtual Machine VM3 Appears to a User User of VM3 is running a browser accessing SharePoint. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Own Versus License License Right to use specified number of copies Limits vendor’s liability Site License Flat fee to install software product on all company computers or all computers at a specific site Open source software Free usage license Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall What Types of Applications Exist, and How Do Organizations Obtain Them? Horizontal-market applications – word processors, graphics programs, spreadsheets, and presentation programs Vertical-market application – software serves specific industry, usually customized; example: applications used by dental offices to schedule appointments and bill patients Off-the-shelf-with-alterations software – involves modifying packaged software to meet a specific need Custom-developed software – last-choice alternative because of risk and expense; used only when no other option Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall What Is Firmware? Computer software installed on read-only memory Printers, print servers, communication devices Coded like other software Can be changed and upgraded Program installed into special, read-only memory of printer or other device, becomes part of device’s memory Users do not need to load firmware into memory. Firmware can be changed or upgraded, but is normally a task for IS professionals. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Using MIS InClass 4: Place Your Bets Now! Three-way race for market share – Apple, Google, Microsoft Merging software, hardware, personal communication devices, movies, etc. All have deep technical staff, knowledge, patents, and plenty of money Who will win? Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Three-way Comparison Go to http://finance.yahoo.com and update financial data. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Q3: Is Open Source Software a Viable Alternative? GNL — General Public License Standard for open source software Successful open source projects Open Office Firefox MySQL Apache Ubuntu Android Cassandra Hadoop GNU is Not Unix. GNU Project started 1983 as free software, mass collaboration project. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Some Terms Open source – source available to public Source code – computer code written by humans and understandable by humans Machine code 11010010100101111110011101111001000111.... Closed source code – highly protected and only available to trusted employees and carefully vetted contractors Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Why Do Programmers Volunteer Their Services? It’s fun Freedom to choose projects Exercise creativity on interesting and fulfilling projects Exhibit one’s skill to get a job Start a business selling services Programming is an intense combination of art and logic. Designing and writing complicated computer program is exceedingly pleasurable (and addictive). Programmers exercise creativity while working on projects they find interesting and fulfilling. Programmers exhibit their skill, for pride, to find a job or consulting employment, or to start a business selling services to support an open source product. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

How Does Open Source Work? Collaboration of many programmers Examines source code and identifies a need, creates new feature or redesigns existing feature, or fixes a problem Code evaluated and extended by others Iteration, peer reviews and well-managed project yield high-quality code A lot of give and take with many cycles of iteration and feedback Well-managed project with strong peer reviews can result in very high-quality code Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Source Code Sample Object-oriented programming code Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Is Open Source Viable? Depends on requirements and constraints of situation “Free” open source software require support and operational costs, could cost more than licensing fee Future will involve blend of both proprietary and open source software Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Q4: What Are the Differences Between Native and Thin-client Applications? Characteristics of Native and Thin-Client Applications Native application languages give programmers close control over assets of computing device, and enable creation of sophisticated and complex user interfaces. Drawback – only run on operating system for which they are programmed Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Developing Thin-client Applications Browser handles idiosyncrasies of operating system and underlying hardware Applications written by professional programmers, technically oriented web developers, or business professionals Cheaper to develop Limited by capabilities of the browser Thin-client applications via Web go to www.picozu.com/editor Users obtain thin-client applications via Web. Required HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript files are downloaded automatically. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

One Consequence of Browser Differences for Thin-Client Applications Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Which Is Better? Depends: Strategy, goals, application requirements, budget, schedule, tolerance for managing technical projects, need for application revenue, etc. Thin-client applications cheaper to develop and maintain, but may lack wow factor Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Ethics Guide: “Because It’s Where the Money Is . . .” Hackers target where money is Windows targeted more than Mac Malware: Viruses, Trojan horses, Spyware, Adware Apple better get ready for avalanche of attacks. GOALS Understand that malware issues follow product popularity. Learn basic malware definitions. Investigate ethics of spyware and adware. Sensitize students to vulnerability of email, texting, and http use. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Q5: Why Are Mobile Systems Increasingly Important? 2012, 5.9 billion wireless subscriptions. One-third of subscriptions involve smartphones or other mobile devices. Forcing industry change while creating new career opportunities for mobile-IS-savvy professionals and large numbers of new, interesting mobile-IS-related jobs Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Elements of a Mobile Information System Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Q6: What Characterizes Quality Mobile User Experiences? Primary characteristics of quality mobile applications Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Chrome-less Mobile Windows Store Application “Direct interaction” – using content to drive application behavior Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Example of Application Scaling Example of IE10 Charm Scaling Mobile applications designed to share data. Charms are Windows 8 feature using icons that slide in from right of the display. One default charm is Share, used to share data from one mobile application to another. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Example Use of Web Page Data Declared as Shared User wants to email a page, IE10 provides shared thumbnail, description, and link to mail application. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Mobile Systems Cloud Use Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Kindle Fire Roaming Message Roaming occurs when users move their activities, especially long-running transactions across devices. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Q7: What Are the Challenges of Personal Mobile Devices at Work? Organizations have love/hate relationship with employees’ use of own mobile devices at work—Love cost-savings, hate increased vulnerability and loss of control. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Six Common BYOD Policies Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Advantages of Example BYOD Policies Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Q8: 2023? Can Microsoft take Office 365 to mobile market via its Skype acquisition? PC mules rare Large-screen computing/connectivity devices available everywhere Use public device to connect to cloud Won’t need desktop office applications Cost performance issues of desktop virtualization will be gone Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Ethics Guide: Churn and Burn Conspiracy among hardware and software vendors? Hardware vendors create new, faster computers Software vendors create new products with more features only needed by some users Time-consuming to learn Churning New software needs new hardware to run. New hardware becomes obsolete fast. Repeat steps 1 and 2. GOALS Think critically about software products. Assess the responsibilities of users and software vendors. Be a better consumer of software products by learning when to hold software vendors accountable. Consider ways of managing an employee like Janet. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Ethics Guide: Churn and Burn (cont’d) Products have defects Vendors turn these into a sales advantage Should users accept these problems? Should they rise up in protest? What should vendors do? Engage students via opinions of contrarian, and extend discussion to basic definitions to consider software as a product, nature of software industry, and financial needs of software vendors. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Guide: Keeping Up to Speed Relentless pace of technology change 21st century business professional cannot bury head in sand Use knowledge of IT to gain competitive advantage Don’t ignore technology Read articles, technology ads, attend seminars, workshops Get involved as user representative in technology committees GOALS Raise students’ awareness of the unrelenting change of technology. Encourage students to take a stand about how they will react to technological change. Emphasize that this issue is inescapable in modern business. If students ignore it, they are choosing a personal competitive disadvantage. Teach the benefits of this class and of IS education, in general. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Guide: Questioning Your Questions Learn how to discern judgment quality and evaluate answers. Most difficult and creative tasks are generating questions and formulating strategy for getting answers. Be able to ask good questions and obtain good answers. Learn about new IS alternatives and how to apply them. GOALS Teach the difference between formulating questions and answering questions. Emphasize the importance of question formulation. Describe and illustrate questions of varying quality. Every question requires taking a calculated risk. This class can help students ask effective questions of IT and IS professionals. Very important: Only simple, unimportant questions have a single correct answer. All other kinds, answers depend on perspective and have multiple, correct answers. Depending on their cognitive development, some students will not be comfortable with idea of multiple correct answers. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Guide: Questioning Your Questions Questions can be bad in three ways: Irrelevant: Answer won’t tell you why Dead: Provide no insight into subject Asked wrong source Don’t ask “What is it?” questions of valuable or expensive sources. Ask: “How can I use it? Is it the best choice for our company or situation?” Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Active Review Q1: What do business professionals need to know about computer hardware? Q2: What do business professionals need to know about software? Q3: Is open source software a viable alternative? Q4: What are the differences between native and thin-client applications? Q5: Why are mobile systems increasingly important? Q6: What characterizes quality mobile user experiences? Q7: What are the challenges of personal mobile devices at work? Q8: 2023? Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Case Study 4: The Apple of Your i Tripled market share in three years Second largest public company in world Pioneered well-engineered home computers and innovative interfaces for students and knowledge workers Every sales success feeds other sales successes Succession of CEOs made numerous mistakes, such as not rewarding innovative engineering, creating too many products for too many market segments, and losing respect of retail computer stores. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Case Study 4: The Apple of Your i (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall