1: Introduction to IPv6 Rick Graziani Cabrillo College Rick.Graziani@cabrillo.edu

For more information please check out my Cisco Press book and video series: IPv6 Fundamentals: A Straightforward Approach to Understanding IPv6 By Rick Graziani ISBN-10: 1-58714-313-5 IPv6 Fundamentals LiveLessons: A Straightforward Approach to Understanding IPv6 By Rick Graziani ISBN-10: 1-58720-457-6

1.1: Beginning with IPv4

Beginning with IPv4 IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) Developed in the early 1980s RFC 760 Jan 1980 obsoleted by RFC 791 Sep 1981 RFC 760 Jan 1980 obsoleted by RFC 791 Sep 1981 RFC 2460 1995 obsoleted by RFC 2460 1998 Great book: Where Wizards Stay Up Late, by Katie Hafner and Paul Lyon

IPv4 32-bit addresses represented in dotted-decimal notation. 10.1.1.1 10.1.0.2 32-bit addresses represented in dotted-decimal notation. Provides 4.29 billion addresses. Why not more addresses? It seemed like a lot of addresses at the time! http://www.cisco.com/en/US/technologies/tk648/tk872/images/technologies_white_paper0900aecd8054d37d-03.jpg Worth taking a look at 1981

IPv4 - 1981 IPv4 IPv4 was standardized in 1981, provisioning 4.29 billion (232) IP addresses for a world population of 4.41 billion people. * = 100,000,000 = 100,000,000 *www.census.gov IPv4 Addresses World Population 1980 4.29 billion addresses, about a 1:1 ratio with the world’s population. What was the Internet like in 1981? No WWW, no mobile devices, and most people never heard of the Internet Mostly mainframe and minicomputers The IBM PC was introduced trying to overtake the Apple II http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/service-provider/carrier-grade-ipv6-solution/white_paper_c11-558744-00.html http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/microsoft-ms-dos-early-source-code/ Images courtesy of Computer History Museum

The Internet Begins to Take Off 1990s introduced the World Wide Web. Everyone was getting on the Internet. Internet routing tables growing rapidly – 20,000 routes in 1994. IETF realized that it would soon run out of IPv4 address space. Currently just over 500,000 routes http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/archived_issues/ipj_4-1/bgp_routing_table.html Image courtesy of Computer History Museum

IPv4: Running Out of Addresses Private Address Space 10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/12 192.168.0.0/16 Short term solutions included: NAT (Network Address Translation) Private address space CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) Long-term solution: IPv6 IPv4 Earliest prediction said around 1995 Even with short term solutions predicted running out between 2005 and 2011

1.2 Introducing IPv6

Introducing IPv6 Not a “new” protocol. Developed mid to late 1990s. Much learned from IPv4. 128-bit address space, written in hexadecimal. This gives us 340 undecillion addresses! 128 bits 2001:DB8:CAFE:0001::100 128 bits 340 undecillion = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 More later on addresses later http://www.cisco.com/en/US/technologies/tk648/tk872/technologies_white_paper0900aecd8054d37d.html

IPv6 How many is 340 undecillion? 340 undecillion addresses is 10 nonillion addresses per person! Internet is a much different place and will continue to evolve: Mobile devices Video on demand Internet of Everything A critical part in how we “live, work, play, and learn”. 10 nonillion = 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 10 Nonillion addresses per person A string of soccer balls would wrap around our galaxy 200 billion times!” … in other words … You won’t need to learn IPv7

IPv6 IPv6 is not just about more addresses: Stateless autoconfiguration End-to-end reachability without private addresses and NAT Better support for mobility Peer-to-peer networking easier to create and maintain, and services such as VoIP and Quality of Service (QoS) become more robust. http://www.cisco.com/en/US/technologies/tk648/tk872/technologies_white_paper0900aecd8054d37d.html

IPv6: A Brief History 1993, IETF announced a call for white papers with RFC 1550 IP: Next Generation (IPng) White Paper Solicitation. IETF chose Simple Internet Protocol Plus (SIPP) written by Steve Deering, Paul Francis, and Bob Hinden but changed the address size from 64 bits to 128 bits. 1995, IETF published RFC 1883 Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification - later obsoleted by RFC 2460 in 1998. IPv6 is not a new protocol

RFC 1190 What About IPv5? 4 = IPv4 5 = ST2 6 = IPv6 In the late 1970s, a family of experimental protocols was developed intended to provide quality of service (QoS) for real-time multimedia applications such video and voice. Known as Internet Stream Protocol (ST) and later ST2 – (RFC 1190 and RFC 1819). Although it was never known as IPv5, when encapsulated in IP, ST uses IP Protocol version 5. http://q-ontech.blogspot.com/2011/01/story-of-ipv5.html “In the late 1970’s, a protocol named ST — The Internet Stream Protocol — was created for the experimental transmission of voice, video, and distributed simulation. Two decades later, this protocol was revised to become ST2 and started to get implemented into commercial projects by groups like IBM, NeXT, Apple, and Sun. Wow did it differ a lot. ST and ST+ offered connections, instead of its connection-less IPv4 counterpart. It also guaranteed QoS. ST and ST+, were already given that magical “5″. “

1.3: The Need for IPv6

The Need for IPv6 We are running out of IPv4 address space. Monday, January 31, 2011 IANA allocated the last /8 IPv4 address blocks to the RIRs. RIR’s have very few, if any IPv4 address left. Many ISPs are severely limited and some have already run out. Actual or projected dates as of November 2014 Graphic is from http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/service-provider/carrier-grade-ipv6-solution/white_paper_c11-558744-00.html Source: www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4 Note: APNIC and RIPE are not completely out of addresses but they are very restrictive on allocation of addresses.

Running Out of IPv4 The regions with the largest populations have the lowest percentages of people connected to the Internet http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm Graphic from Internet World Stats, www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

Internet of Everything Cisco defines the Internet of Everything (IoE) as bringing together people, process, data, and things to make networked connections more relevant and valuable than ever before. Cisco estimates that there will be 50 billion “connected” devices by 2020. (Source: The Internet of Things by Dave Evans) http://canadablog.cisco.com/2013/09/24/for-canada-how-big-is-everything-in-the-internet-of-everything/

X No More NAT as We Know It NAT Customer Network 192.168.1.0/24 (RFC 1918) ISP Network Public IPv4 Internet Public IPv4 X NAT has been used to help “hide” customers and works for many client-initiated applications. However, NAT also creates some issues, like peer-to-peer networking and accessing our “hidden” systems from other networks. Using NAT to “hide” IPv6 networks has been the source of some debate. IETF continues to state that NAT is not a security feature. For more information: RFC 5902 IAB Thoughts on IPv6 Network Address Translation RFC 4864 Local Network Protection for IPv6 RFC 6296 IPv6-to-IPv6 Network Address Translation (NAT66)

Benefits of IPv6 As mentioned previously the benefits of IPv6 include: Larger address space Stateless autoconfiguration End-to-end reachability without private addresses and NAT Better mobility support Peer-to-peer networking easier to create and maintain, and services such as VoIP and Quality of Service (QoS) become more robust. The “killer application” for the Internet is the Internet itself. Graphic from IPv6 Forum, www.ipv6ready.org https://www.ipv6ready.org/

1.4: Transitioning to IPv6

Transitioning to IPv6? IPv4 IPv6 IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist for the foreseeable future. Dual-stack – Device running both IPv4 and IPv6. Enterprises and ISPs have to support both protocols, which is a reason to eventually go to only IPv6.

Happy Eyeballs

RFC6555 Happy Eyeballs: Success with Dual-Stack Hosts The dual-stack code may get two addresses back from DNS… Which one does it use? In order to use applications over IPv6, it is necessary that users enjoy nearly identical performance as compared to IPv4. IPv4 ? IPv6

RFC6555 Happy Eyeballs: Success with Dual-Stack Hosts www.facebook.com Query A record? www.facebook.com Query AAAA record? www.facebook.com Connect to: 31.13.77.65 Connect to: 2a03:2880:f016:401:face:b00c:01:1 GET HTTP/1.1 www.facebook.com

Happy Eyeballs in a nutshell Ultimately, it depends on how the OS and application wants to handle it. Attempt IPv6 lookup and connect User: “www.facebook.com” Retrieve and display First come, first served Attempt IPv4 lookup and connect 300ms TIME Example - Windows 8: Performs a connectivity check, and if does not work, changes the sorting order in RFC 6724 to prefer IPv4 and caches the result. RFC 6724 - Default Address Selection for IPv6 (includes IPv4) Chrome/Firefox: use the “backup thread” mechanism, 300ms delay iOS / MacOS X: pure race; connect-by-name proprietary API; re-sorting by the order of received replies if using getaddrinfo() Windows 8: perform a connectivity check, and if does not work, change sorting order in rfc3484 getaddrinfo() call to prefer IPv4, cache the result. –http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2750841

Transitioning to IPv6 Tunneling – Various protocols to encapsulate IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets. NAT64 – Translating between IPv4 and IPv6. Native IPv6 – All IPv6 (our focus and the goal of every organization).

Learn, Use, and Familiarize Yourself with IPv6 Get behind the wheel of IPv6. Test lab for IPv6. Implement in a part of your network. Develop an IPv6 implementation plan including an addressing plan. Hear from people – I keep learning IPv6 but I never use it. Like learning to drive – do it to learn it. http://bcop.nanog.org/images/6/62/BCOP-IPv6_Subnetting.pdf http://www.ripe.net/lir-services/training/material/IPv6-for-LIRs-Training-Course/Preparing-an-IPv6-Addressing-Plan.pdf

You Are Probably Already Running IPv6 RS IPv4 IPv6 IPv4 R1 Rogue RA Here is an IPv6 prefix and gateway I need an IPv6 prefix IPv4 IPv6 Windows Vista or later, Mac OSX, Linux already running IPv6 Packet analyzer (Wireshark) Potential man-in-the-middle attack RS (Router Solicitations) and RA (Router Advertisements) described in other lessons. (Mitigation techniques like RA Guard are available.) Get familiar with IPv6! People Icon: Occupations set 5 © Copyright Fredy Sujono

For more information please check out my Cisco Press book and video series: IPv6 Fundamentals: A Straightforward Approach to Understanding IPv6 By Rick Graziani ISBN-10: 1-58714-313-5 IPv6 Fundamentals LiveLessons: A Straightforward Approach to Understanding IPv6 By Rick Graziani ISBN-10: 1-58720-457-6

1: Introduction to IPv6 Rick Graziani Cabrillo College Rick.Graziani@cabrillo.edu