THE ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY Soft Palate (Velum) Hard Palate Uvula Upper Teeth Upper and Lower Lips Tongue Pharynx Lower Teeth Glottis

THE GLOTTAL CONSONANTS Glottal consonants are articulated with the glottis. The glottis is defined as the combination of the vocal folds and the space in between the folds (the rima glottidis). Glottis ا

THE BILABIAL CONSONANTS A bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. Upper Lip ب Tongue Lower Lip

THE DENTAL CONSONANTS The dental consonants are consonants articulated between the front tongue and the top teeth. Top Teeth ت Tongue Front of the Tongue

THE INTER-DENTAL CONSONANTS Interdental consonants are produced by placing the blade of the tongue against the upper incisors. This differs from a dental consonant in that the tip of the tongue is placed between the upper and lower front teeth, and therefore may articulate with both the upper and lower incisors, while a dental consonant is articulated with the tongue against the back of the upper incisors. Upper Incisor ث Tongue Blade of the Tongue

THE ALVEO-PALATAL CONSONANTS Alveo-palatal consonants are articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the body of the tongue raised toward the palate. Hard Palate ج Tongue

THE PHARYNGEAL CONSONANTS Pharyngeal consonants are articulated between the root of the tongue and the back of the throat (the pharynx). ح

THE VELAR CONSONANTS Velar consonants are articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, also known as velum). خ Pharynx Root of the Tongue