Multi-cellular Eukaryotes Cell Wall Chlorophyll for photosynthesis

ALGAE

Become less dependent on water & More resistant to sun rays = cuticle More capable of conserving water = vascular tissue More capable of reproducing without water = seeds

Non – Vascular = Plants that lack specialized transport tissues Vascular = plants that have specialized transport tissues

Bryophytes Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Life cycle depends on water for reproduction – Non - Vascular NO SEEDS Ex = Moss

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

SEEDS On CONES Vascular

Flowering Plants Bear Seeds within a layer of tissue Vascular

All Vascular Consist of: Roots Stems Leaves

Dermal – epidermis & cuticle Vascular – transports materials Xylem – Carries Water Phloem – Carries Food and Nutrients Ground – makes up the roots

Tap Root (ex: carrot) Roots grow from the Root Cap through the soil Fibrous Root (ex: grass)

Leaves are responsible for capturing light energy and harvesting it to perform photosynthesis

Energy flow through the ecosystem allows life to exist. Some organisms produce their own food as energy, such as autotrophs (producers) Some convert sunlight into food by the process of photosynthesis. Ex: plants, algae Some convert chemicals into food by the process of chemosynthesis. Ex: sulfur bacteria in deep sea. Energy is stored in food as chemical energy.

Organisms that cannot produce their own food must eat to get energy, and are referred to as heterotrophs, or consumers. All organisms use the process of cellular respiration to obtain the energy from food. Some of the released energy is used right away in metabolic activities. Most of the energy is stored in packages called ATP for later use.

Inside of chloroplasts which are located in cells of the green parts of plants

What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is the process by which: Plants (producers) use light energy and transform it into chemical energy (food) water carbon dioxide oxygen glucose TAKE INAND USINGMAKE PLANTS (producers) light chlorophyll

6CO 2 + 6H 2 O 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 light chlorophyll

ATP = adenosine triphosphate ADP = adenosine diphosphate ADP + P  ATP (stored energy) Energy from food can be stored in the bonds that bind a phosphate to the ADP molecule. ATP  ADP + P (energy released) Stored energy is later released when the bond breaks between the ADP and P.

Energy is stored in ATP Stored energy (created by cellular respiration) Released energy (used for cellular activities)

energy

Plants appear GREEN because they reflect this color of light (and they absorb red, orange, and violet) Compounds that absorb and reflect wavelengths of light are called pigments.

Photos courtesy of flowerpictures.net and picturesof.net

What do we call the compounds that absorb and reflect wavelengths of light?  pigments Which pigment reflects the green wavelengths thereby making plants appear green?  chlorophyll Where would we find chlorophyll?  chloroplasts Why do we see colors???

Intensity of light high light, high rate Carbon dioxide concentration high CO 2, high rate Temperature A certain range works best, too hot or too cold affects the work of enzymes

Remember: Autotrophs use photosynthesis to make food. Heterotrophs AND autotrophs use cellular respiration by then taking that food and breaking it down to get the energy out. This energy is used for growth, development, reproduction, healing, and the many other things that living things need energy for. Plants (autotrophs) usually use photosynthesis during more during the day respiration more heavily at night.

Where do we find chloroplasts?

Transpiration – loss of water through leaves Guard Cells – Change the size of the stomata to control amount of water released. This takes place in STOMATA which is a pore-like opening

Take place in CONES Pollen Cones – MALE (produce male gametophyte) Seed Cones – FEMALE (produce female gametophyte)

Pollination happens when the pollen is RELEASED from male Fertilization happens when the pollen grains land near ovule

Pollination happens when POLLEN lands on STIGMA

Fruit – any seed that is enclosed within its embryo wall

FLESHY – surrounding is fleshy DRY –dry outside

Early growth stage of plant embryo Steps: 1. Absorbs water 2. Seeds open from swollen tissue 3. Young root emerges & grows

Vegetative Reproduction Includes production of new plants from horizontal stems, from planters & underground roots Benefits: doesn’t involve pollination 2 methods: horizontal stems, planters & underground roots

Plant Propagation – horticulturist use cutting, grafting or budding to make identical copies of a plant BENEFITS - produce offspring from seedless plants 3 FORMS – Cutting – cut from plant, place in special soil Grafting – stem out from parent, placed on plant that has stable root for a strong root system Budding – buds used to place on stock

Hormones – control of plants pattern of growth & development & plant response Auxins – stimulate cell elongation Cytokinins – stimulate cell development & growth of lateral buds, cause dormant seeds to sprout Gibberillins (1) –dramatic increase in size of plant, part in stem & fruit Ethylene (1) – stimulate to ripen fruit, dying leaves, & flowers

Gravitropism – response to gravity Phototropism – response to light Thigmotropism – response to touch Photoperiodism – response to light & darkness Winter dormancy – photosynthetic pathway turned off Leaf abscission – losing leaves during colder months

3 ways plants adapt to life in water 1. Seeds that float 2. Grow quick 3. Shoots grow above water

Submerged in Water: No Cuticles to Prevent Water Loss Reduced Roots Chloroplasts are restricted to the upper portions Salty Conditions: Specialized cells that pump salt out Desert Plants: Extensive roots Reduced leaves Thick stems Poor Soil: Carnivores Parasites

Growth on other plants Shade Tolerance and a way of extracting nutrients Fight Insects Defend themselves against insects attack by manufacturing compounds that have powerful effects on animals