1 Yahya Gino Kurama, Associate Professor Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences University of Notre Dame Introduction to Engineering Program University of Notre Dame July 5, 2010

2 Structure: “any assemblage of materials that is intended to sustain loads” Nearly every plant and animal, and nearly all works of human beings have to sustain forces without breaking, so practically everything is a structure of one type or another.

3 Buildings Dams Tunnels Bridges Domes Civil Structures are BIG!

4 Great Pyramids Sphinx Man fears Time, yet Time fears the Pyramids Arab proverb

5 Gravity loads (self weight, people, furniture, etc.) Earth and water pressure Dynamic wind load effects Dynamic occupant effects Earthquakes Structures respond to these dynamic loads, moving, swaying, and ….

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11 BUILDING STRUCTURES Masonry Reinforced concrete frame Steel frame Reinforced concrete wall

12 Marina City Chicago Sears Tower Chicago John Hancock Building Chicago Empire State Building New York City Transamerica Building San Francisco

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16 AUGUST 17, 1999 IZMIT EARTHQUAKE (M 7.4)

17 SEISMIC ACTIVITY IN THE REGION

18 San Andreas Fault California

19 RIGHT-LATERAL STRIKE-SLIP FAULT (> 1400 km) E E W W The North Anatolian Fault

20 HORIZONTAL SLIP ALONG THE NAF 2 meters (6.6 feet) 2 meters (6.6 feet)

21 HORIZONTAL SLIP ALONG THE NAF

22 HORIZONTAL SLIP ALONG THE NAF

23 VERTICAL SLIP ALONG THE NAF 1.7 meters (5.6 feet) 1.7 meters (5.6 feet)

24 VERTICAL SLIP ALONG THE NAF

25 REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS

26 REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS

27 WHICH FLOOR WOULD YOU RATHER LIVE IN?

28 SOFT/WEAK STORY COLLAPSE

29 REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS

30 REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS

31 HYGOKEN-NAMBU, JAPAN, 1994

32 CHI-CHI, TAIWAN, 1999

33 NORTHRIDGE, U.S., 1994

34 NORTHRIDGE, U.S., 1994

35 MAIN PROBLEMS Poor detailing, poor materials, poor workmanship Stiff and heavy structures Limited capacity to deform laterally

36 SEISMIC ISOLATION

37 SEISMIC ISOLATION USING LEAD-RUBBER BEARINGS

38 LEAD-RUBBER BEARING

39 USC UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL - WITH ISOLATION

40 USC UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL - WITH ISOLATION

41 OLIVE VIEW HOSPITAL - WITHOUT ISOLATION

42 OLIVE VIEW HOSPITAL - WITHOUT ISOLATION

43 OLIVE VIEW HOSPITAL - WITHOUT ISOLATION

44 Civil Engineering has many interesting and challenging problems. Protecting structures against damaging winds and earthquakes is one of the important jobs of a civil engineer.

45 National Science Foundation Scientists and Engineers in the Schools Program

46 U.S. Geological Survey

47 On PBS

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