Introduction to Jet Propulsion P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Strong and Reliable Muscles for the Aircraft……

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction to Jet Propulsion P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Strong and Reliable Muscles for the Aircraft……

Global Momentum Analysis

Momentum Equation p inlet p exit V ac V jet Reynolds Transport Theorem: Newton’s Second Law of Motion

For a frictionless flight, pressure forces are only the surface forces… Steady state steady flow

Pressure ThrustMomentum Thrust At design cruising conditions : Pressure thrust is zero.

Generation of Thrust : The Capacity Thrust f : Fuel-air ratio

Dynamic Equilibrium : Cruising Vehicle For a cruising vehicle:

Drag on Aircraft

Generation of Lift

Drag Coefficient of an Air Craft

Generation of Lift

Drag Coefficient of an Air Craft

Lift - to - Drag Ratio Flight articleScenarioL/D ratio Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer Cruise37 [ Lockheed U-2Cruise~28 Rutan VoyagerCruise [4] [4] 27 Albatross20 Boeing 747Cruise17 Common tern12 Herring gull10 ConcordeM2 Cruise7.14 Cessna 150Cruise7 ConcordeApproach4.35 House sparrow4

Minimum Drag Coefficients AircraftTypeAspect RatioC Dmin RQ-2 PioneerSingle piston-engine UAV North American NavionSingle piston-engine general aviation Cessna 172/182Single piston-engine general aviation Cessna 310Twin piston-engine general aviation Marchetti S-211Single jet-engine military trainer Cessna T-37Twin jet-engine military trainer Beech 99Twin turboprop commuter Cessna 620Four piston-engine transport Learjet 24Twin jet-engine business jet Lockheed JetstarFour jet-engine business jet F-104 StarfighterSingle jet-engine fighter F-4 Phantom IITwin jet-engine fighter (subsonic) (supersonic) LightningTwin jet-engine fighter Convair 880Four jet-engine airliner Douglas DC-8Four jet-engine airliner Boeing 747Four jet-engine airliner X-15Hypersonic research plane

Propulsive Power or Thrust Power: Specific Thrust S Measure of compactness of a jet engine:

Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption TSFC Measure of fuel economy:

Aviation Appreciation Propulsion Efficiency

Jet Characteristics Quantities defining a jet are: –cross-sectional area; –composition; –velocity. Of these, only the velocity is a truly characteristic feature and is of considerable quantitative significance.

Jet Characteristics of Practical Propulsion Systems SystemJet Velocity (m/s) Turbofan Turbojet (sea-level, static) Turbojet (Mach 2 at ft) Ramjet (Mach 2 at ft) Ramjet (Mach 4 at ft) Solid Rocket1500 – 2600 Liquid Rocket2000 – 3500

Nozzle : Steady State Steady Flow First Law : No heat transfer and no work transfer & No Change in potential energy. in jet

Combined analysis of conservation of mass and first law A SSSF of gas through variable area duct can interchange the enthalpy and kinetic energy as per above equation. Consider gas as an ideal and calorically perfect.

Isentropic expansion of an ideal and calorically perfect gas.