© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Conceptual Physics 11 th Edition Chapter 21: MUSICAL SOUNDS Noise and Music Musical Sounds Pitch Sound Intensity and Loudness Quality Fourier Analysis Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs)

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Noise and Music Noise corresponds to an irregular vibration of the eardrum produced by some irregular vibration in our surroundings, a jumble of wavelengths and amplitudes. White noise is an even mixture of frequencies of sound, all with random phases. Time

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Noise and Music Music is the art of sound and has a different character. Musical sounds have periodic tones–or musical notes. The line that separates music and noise can be thin and subjective. Time

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A Musical tone has three characteristics: 1.Pitch –related to the frequency of sound waves as received by the ear –determined by fundamental frequency, lowest frequency heard 2.Intensity –determines the perceived loudness of sound 3.Quality –determined by prominence of the harmonics, and the presence and relative intensity of the various partials

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pitch Music is organized on many different levels. Most noticeable are musical notes. Each note has its own pitch. We can describe pitch by frequency. –Rapid vibrations of the sound source (high frequency) produce sound of a high pitch. –Slow vibrations (low frequency) produce a low pitch.

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pitch Different musical notes are obtained by changing the frequency of the vibrating sound source. This is usually done by altering the size, the tightness, or the mass of the vibrating object.

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pitch High-pitched sounds used in music are most often less than 4000 Hz, but the average human ear can hear sounds with frequencies up to 18,000 Hz. –Some people and most dogs can hear tones of higher pitch than this. –The upper limit of hearing in people gets lower as they grow older. –A high-pitched sound is often inaudible to an older person and yet may be clearly heard by a younger one.

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sound Intensity and Loudness The intensity of sound depends on the amplitude of pressure variations within the sound wave. The human ear responds to intensities covering the enormous range from 10 – 12 W/m 2 (the threshold of hearing) to more than 1 W/m 2 (the threshold of pain).

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Because the range is so great, intensities are scaled by factors of 10, with the barely audible 10 –12 W/m 2 as a reference intensity called 0 bel (a unit named after Alexander Bell). A sound 10 times more intense has an intensity of 1 bel (W/m 2 ) or 10 decibels (dB)

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sound Intensity and Loudness Sound intensity is a purely objective and physical attribute of a sound wave, and it can be measured by various acoustical instruments. Loudness is a physiological sensation. –The ear senses some frequencies much better than others. –A 3500-Hz sound at 80 decibels sounds about twice as loud to most people as a 125-Hz sound at 80 decibels. –Humans are more sensitive to the 3500-Hz range of frequencies.

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Quality We have no trouble distinguishing between the tone from a piano and a tone of the same pitch from a clarinet. Each of these tones has a characteristic sound that differs in quality, the “color” of a tone —timbre. Timbre describes all of the aspects of a musical sound other than pitch, loudness, or length of tone.

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Quality Most musical sounds are composed of a superposition of many tones differing in frequency. The various tones are called partial tones, or simply partials. The lowest frequency, called the fundamental frequency, determines the pitch of the note. A partial tone whose frequency is a whole-number multiple of the fundamental frequency is called a harmonic. A composite vibration of the fundamental mode and the third harmonic is shown in the figure.

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Quality The quality of a tone is determined by the presence and relative intensity of the various partials. The sound produced by a certain tone from the piano and a clarinet of the same pitch have different qualities that the ear can recognize because their partials are different. A pair of tones of the same pitch with different qualities have either different partials or a difference in the relative intensity of the partials.

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Fourier Analysis Fourier discovered a mathematical regularity to the component parts of periodic wave motion. He found that even the most complex periodic wave motion can be disassembled into simple sine waves that add together. Fourier found that all periodic waves may be broken down into constituent sine waves of different amplitudes and frequencies. The mathematical operation for performing this is called Fourier analysis.

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Fourier Analysis When these pure tones are sounded together, they combine to give the tone of the violin. The lowest-frequency sine wave is the fundamental and determines the pitch. The higher-frequency sine waves are the partials that determine the quality. Thus, the waveform of any musical sound is no more than a sum of simple sine waves.

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Audio Recording The output of phonograph records was signals like those shown below. This type of continuous waveform is called an analog signal. The analog signal can be changed to a digital signal by measuring the numerical value of its amplitude during each split second.

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs) Microscopic pits about one-thirtieth the diameter of a strand of human hair are imbedded in the CD or DVD –The short pits corresponding to 0. –The long pits corresponding to 1. When the beam falls on a short pit, it is reflected directly into the player’s optical system and registers a 0. When the beam is incident upon a passing longer pit, the optical sensor registers a 1. Hence the beam reads the 1 and 0 digits of the binary code.