Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Presented by: Jennifer Scott 1

Overview MBTI Overview MBTI Description MBTI and the Big Five Reliability and Validity Limitations 2

MBTI Overview Developed by Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers during WWII Purpose: “…to make the theory of psychological types described by C. G. Jung understandable and useful in people’s lives.” Goals: The identification of basic preferences of each of the four dichotomies specified or implicit in Jung’s theory. The identification and description of the 16 distinctive personality types that result from the interactions among the preferences. 3

MBTI Overview – Publications First published with the name Briggs-Myers Type Indicator Handbook in 1944 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator in 1956 First MBTI manual in 1962 Latest edition published in

MBTI Overview – Forms MBTI Step I Identifies the 4 preferences and personality type Standard today is Form M with 93 forced choice items Also Form G (previous standard) and Form F (used for research) MBTI Step II Step I preferences plus further expansions with 20 underlying facets MBTI Step III designed to assess an individual's ability to effectively use their perception and judgment 5

The MBTI 4 Dimensions, each with two opposite preferences 1.Energy: Extroversion (E) or Introversion (I) 2.Attention: Sensing (S) or Intuition (N) 3.Decisions: Thinking (T) or Feeling (F) 4.Lifestyle: Judging (J) or Perceiving (P) 6

Extroversion (E) or Introversion (I) Where do you put your attention and get your energy? Extroversion I like getting my energy from active involvement in events and having a lot of different activities. I’m excited when I’m around people and I like to energize other people. I often understand a problem better when I can talk out loud about it and hear what others have to say. 7

Extroversion (E) or Introversion (I) Introversion I like getting my energy from dealing with the ideas, pictures, memories, and reactions that are inside my head, in my inner world. I often prefer doing things alone or with one or two people I feel comfortable with. I take time to reflect so that I have a clear idea of what I’ll be doing when I decide to act. 8

Sensing (S) or Intuition (N) Do you focus on the basic information you take in or do you prefer to interpret and add meaning? Sensing Paying attention to physical reality, what I see, hear, touch, taste, and smell. I’m concerned with what is actual, present, current, and real. I notice facts and I remember details that are important to me I like to see the practical use of things and learn best when I see how to use what I’m learning. Experience speaks to me louder than words. 9

Sensing (S) or Intuition (N) Intuition I prefer paying the most attention to impressions or the meaning and patterns of the information I get. I would rather learn by thinking a problem through than by hands-on experience. I’m interested in new things and what might be possible, so that I think more about the future than the past. I like to work with symbols or abstract theories, even if I don’t know how I will use them. 10

Thinking (T) or Feeling (F) Making decisions, do you first look at logic or look at the people and special circumstances? Thinking When I make a decision, I like to find the basic truth or principle to be applied, regardless of the specific situation involved. I like to analyze pros and cons, and then be consistent and logical in deciding. I try to be impersonal, so I won’t let my personal wishes--or other people’s wishes--influence me. 11

Thinking (T) or Feeling (F) Feeling I believe I can make the best decisions by weighing what people care about and the points-of-view of persons involved in a situation. I am concerned with values and what is the best for the people involved. I like to do whatever will establish or maintain harmony. In my relationships; I appear caring, warm, and tactful. 12

Judging (J) or Perceiving (P) How do you deal with the outside world – make decisions or stay open to information and options? Judging I use my decision-making (Judging) preference (whether it is Thinking or Feeling) in my outer life. To others, I seem to prefer a planned or orderly way of life, like to have things settled and organized, feel more comfortable when decisions are made, and like to bring life under control as much as possible. 13

Judging (J) or Perceiving (P) Perceiving I use my perceiving function (whether it is Sensing or Intuition) in my outer life. To others, I seem to prefer a flexible and spontaneous way of life, and I like to understand and adapt to the world rather than organize it. Others see me staying open to new experiences and information. 14

Personality Types Your preference in each category determines your personality type ISTJISFJINFJINTJ ISTPISFPINFPINTP ESTPESFPENFPENTP ESTJESFJEFNJENTJ 15

Sample Type: INFP For INFPs the dominant quality in their lives is a deep-felt caring and idealism about people. They experience this intense caring most often in their relationships with others, but they may also experience it around ideas, projects, or any involvement they see as important. INFPs are often skilled communicators, and they are naturally drawn to ideas that embody a concern for human potential. INFPs live in the inner world of values and ideals, but what people often first encounter with the INFP in the outer world is their adaptability and concern for possibilities. 16

Personality Types in the Population TOTAL E 45-53% I 47-55% S 66-74% N 26-34% T 40-50% F 50-60% J 54-60% P 40-46% TYPE BREAKDOWN ISTJ 11-14% ISFJ 9-14% INFJ 1-3% INTJ 2-4% ISTP 4-6% ISFP 5-9% INFP 4-5% INTP 3-5% ESTP 4-5% ESFP 4-9% ENFP 6-8% ENTP 2-5% ESTJ 8-12% ESFJ 9-13% ENFJ 2-5% ENTJ 2-5% 17

MBTI Applications Career Counseling Teaching Group Dynamics Training Marketing Personal Development Executive Coaching 18

MBTI and the Big Five MBTI® Dichotomy Big Five FactorE–IS–NT–FJ–P Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness Neuroticism

MBTI and the Big Five The MBTI was developed before the Big Five It contains a number of unscored, research items that could be used to measure the emotional stability scale of the NEO-PI Possible to use the MBTI as a measure of the Big Five. 20

Reliability – Internal Consistency MBTI® Dichotomy Employment Status Average Age E–IS–NT–FJ–P Employed full-time Employed part- time Full-time student Retired Not working for income

Reliability – Test-Retest All intervals ≤3 weeks 4 Weeks - 6 months 6–12 months >1 year Extraversion– Introversion (E–I) Sensing–Intuition (S–N) Thinking–Feeling (T–F) Judging–Perceiving (J–P)

MBTI Validity Factor analysis Some studies show the four dimensions loading onto four different factors Others show up to six factors Convergent validity Generally supported with other measures of personality Big Five E-I scale commonly has the strongest support Much of the validity research has been done on Form G, the previous form 23

MBTI Criticisms Dichotomy of choices Jung’s theory was not tested empirically Researchers question whether there are 16 distinct personality types Lacks falsifiability, which can cause conformation bias in interpreting results Most research is done by the publishing company – may lack scrutiny 24