Parasite Diversity, Ecology and Evolution Hsuan-Wien Chen Laboratory of Parasitism Dept. Biological Resources, National Chiayi University.

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Presentation transcript:

Parasite Diversity, Ecology and Evolution Hsuan-Wien Chen Laboratory of Parasitism Dept. Biological Resources, National Chiayi University

Parasitology Parasitology studies Parasites & Parasitism Who are parasites? What are parasitism?

Parasite & Parasitism Parasitism is a relationship in which one of the participants, the parasite, either harms its host or in some sense live at the expense of the host.

Who are parasites? Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Virus, bacteria… pathogens Protist (unicellular organism) i.e. Malaria (Plasmodium spp. 瘧原蟲) Metazoan (true multicellular organism) i.e. Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma spp. 血吸蟲)

Extant invertebrate species (crustacean, insect, arachnids…) Helminth (round worm, platyhelminth…) ~106,000 spp. Mollusk ~110,000 spp. Arthropods (crustacean, insect, arachnids…) ~1,000,000 spp. Includes 34 animal phyla , 1,300,000 spp.

Parasites consists more than 1/3 of Lots parasites! Platyhelminth (flukes, cestodes…) >80% parasitic Arthropods ~40% parasitics Roundworm ~50% parastic Parasites consists more than 1/3 of invertebrates (300,000~400,000 spp.)

How many parasites are there? How to estimate? Bt time By host By fauna What is the magic number? 1M? 5M? 10M?

Mean# metazoan parasite spp. / shark sp. = 10.6 + 7.7 spp. Caira 2005 in IPFC

Poulin & Morand 2000

Poulin & Morand 2000

Poulin & Morand 2000

The more you sampled the more parasites you get? Freshwater fish Sampling effect The more you sampled the more parasites you get? Marine fish Poulin 2004

The longer you sampled the more parasites you get? Accumulation effect The longer you sampled the more parasites you get? Poulin 2004

Photo by Oscar Pung Parasites rule!

Parasites vs. Predation? Parasites vs. Parasitoid? Parasites vs. Brood parasitism? Parasites vs. Pathogen/Disease?

Brood parasitism of robin nest - robin feeds a cuckoo chick

Parasites Endo- vs. Ecto-parasite Obligate vs. Facultative parasite Accidental/Incidental parasite Permanent vs. Temporary/Intermittent parasite Micro- vs. Macroparasite

Vector vs. Parasite Is mosquito a parasite?

Host Definitive/Final host Intermediate host Paratenic/ transport host Host specificity Reservoir host Hyper-parasitism (supra-parasitism)

Life cycle of Anisakis simplex (海獸胃線蟲) Audicana et al. 2002

The life cycle of parasites Simple (direct) vs. Complex (indirect) life cycle

Why complex life cycle? Why complex life cycle? Advantage Disadvantage

The life-cycle of Strongyloides ratti. The sex determination and larval development depends on environmental conditions

Sexually mature 2st larvae 1st larvae What is missing in their work is to put the life cycle on the food web perspective, both topologically and then quantitatively, in ecological pyramid view… and one of subject that I am currently working at 1st larvae

Think…. Why become a parasite? Pro and Con… Parasite as a disease and Parasite as a big chunk of biodiversity  Should we eradicate parasites? How & Why complex life cycle evolve?

Host-Parasite Coevolution

Nit-picking is an ancient habit, as seen in (a) apes and in humans (b)

Human lice. (a) Head louse (Pediculus humanus) Human lice. (a) Head louse (Pediculus humanus). (b) Nit (egg) of head louse. (c) Pubic louse or 'crab' (Pthirus pubis).

Host-Parasite Coevolution

Host-Parasite Coevolution

The Mechanism of Host-Parasite Coevolution

Host-parasite co-evolution/phylogenes Hafner, M.S. & Nadler, S.A. (1988)

wing lice (Columbicola) pigeon/dove hosts wing lice (Columbicola) Clayton et al. (2003).

TREEMAP3 Page, Roderic D. M., editor Tangled Trees: Phylogeny, Cospeciation, and Coevolution

Think…. Co-evolution vs. Co-speciation, what is the difference? In the host-parasite system, who will evolve fast? Parasite or Host? Can we use parasite as a proxy to reconstruct the history of host?