The Russian Revolution - Chronology EVENTDATESIGNIFICANCEPERSPECTIVES Creation of Romanov dynasty 1613Michael Romanov becomes first Tsar of Russia, beginning Romanov dynasty. Autocratic, divine right rule Communist Manifesto published 1848Deeply influenced developing Russian political parties Abolition of serfdom 1864Introduction of the Zemstvos and Mir Sergei Witte, minister of finance Leads economic reforms, contributes to construction of Trans-Siberia railway POSITIVE: Lead industrial reform and increased foreign investment NEGATIVE: Created poor working conditions, neglect agriculture and over-reliance on foreign investment Nicholas II assumes the throne 1894Apprehensive to be Tsar, yet deeply devoted to restoration of Tsarist Russia ‘Convinced intellectuals could not run the country’ (Pipes) ‘Weakness of will lead to his demise’ (Hite) ‘Desperately wanted to hold onto the throne but did not have the necessary qualities’ (Figes) Social democratic party est. 1898Would split in to Bolshevik and Mensheviks parties in 1903 Social revolutionary party est. 1901More radical groups carry out terrorist acts against Tsarist govt ‘What is to be done?’ Lenin 1902Expresses Lenin’s intentions for SDs, resulting in Bolshevik/Menshevik split Overturned basic idea of Marxist doctrine of Social- democracy (Pipes) Russo-Japanese War 1904 – 1905 Economic detriment and undermines faith in Tsar – Radical groups grow

The Russian Revolution AOS1 - Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events Politics and Ideologies of pre-revolutionary Russia

LEARNING INTENTION: Understand the terms ‘Marxism’ and ‘Leninism’, and explain how the differ Understand how the Industrial Revolution altered society Define and understand Communism Explain how Marxism views the path to communism as inevitable Outline the background of Vladimir Lenin Outline the differences between Marxism and Leninism

Industrialisation and the Industrial Revolution Industrialisation: the organised action of making of goods and services for sale Industrial Revolution: ‘brought about a shift from an economy based on manual labour to one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery. … the growth that took place after 1750, when technical progress, the integration of regional and national markets, and further support from agriculture came together to sustain an unprecedented rate of industrialisation, warrants the label of a Revolution’ (Quinualt and O’Brien 2002:42) PARAPHRASE THIS QUOTE TO EXPLAIN WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM ‘INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION’ Brought about a shift from an economy based on manual labour to one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery. The discovery of steam driven power derived from fossil fuels such as coal contributed to this process greatly

Marxism: A background Karl Marx met Friedriech Engels in Paris in Much of the work we now refer to as ‘Marxist’ is the product of these two men They visited factories in Northern England to study lived experience as a result of industrialisation Since the Industrial Revolution, the aim of business has been to lower costs and raise profits. Human labour in factories was the greatest cost, so employees were usually paid as little as possible Similar observations in Germany led Marx and Engels to believe this was a world wide problem that required a solution The life of the industrial worker is utter monotony; it is his mission to be bored every day. Children are deformed, men enfeebled, limbs crushed, whole generations wrecked, purely to fill the purses of the bourgeoisie

Communism: Key elements COMMUNISMCAPITALISM Industry, capital, land and other means of production are own and controlled by the community as a whole Investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution and wealth is in the hands of Private individuals and corporations MEANS OF PRODUCTION: The raw materials, lands, and resources that are used in production Communism: A political and economic doctrine that aims to replace private property and profit based economy with public ownership and collective control of most of the major means of production Bourgeoisie: The privileged class that owns the means of production Proletariat: The industrial working class, which sells its labour to the bourgeoisie for income

Communism: Key Terms Communism: A political and economic doctrine that aims to replace private property and profit based economy with public ownership and collective control of most of the major means of production Bourgeoisie: The privileged class that owns the means of production Proletariat: The industrial working class, which sells its labour to the bourgeoisie for income

MARXIST THEORY OF HISTORICAL STAGES History as a series of class struggles between those who control production (employers) and those who did not (employees) Hence the famous opening to the Communist Manifesto: ‘The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle struggle’ Pattern of development of human society according to Marx: Medieval Society: Feudal system. People bound together through mutual bonds of obligation and protections. Social position through birth right Capitalist society: Feudal societies are challenged by a new class (bourgeoisie) and a new system emerges: Capitalist production in which bourgeoisie control means of productions E.G:Ancien Régime of France: absolutism and the three estates E.G: The world we live in today Communist society: Proletariat overthrows bourgeoisie. Government controls means of production to empower the proletariat, depriving bourgeoisie of its power. E.G: Russia (Soviet Union) between 1917 and 1990?

Communist Manifesto (1848) Written as a pamphlet for the Communist League (Est by Marx and Engels), it was a critique of capitalism Predicted the demise of capitalism and subsequent rise of communism as inevitable Workers (proletariat) would be forced to revolt This and other writings by Marx was the cornerstone to the Russian Communist ideology and revolution (We will focus a lot on the extent to which this was the case)

According to Marx and Engels, what was required for the revolution to happen? In your books, create the following table and complete it, using pp as a guide DONE IT ALREADY? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION. Using three of four main points, explain why and how Marx and Engels believed society would be transformed from a capitalist political organisation into a communist one. What is it...Marx/Engels quoteThe outcome... Development of ‘Class Consciousness’ Dictatorship of the Proletariat Classless Utopia

Assumptions of Communism 1.Conflicts are only between classes and never within them 2.Human nature is always consistent 3.Class loyalty is significantly more important than national loyalty 4.Capitalism is an unstable system that will get worse before collapsing 5.Demise of capitalism in inevitable, so therefore the rise of Communism is also inevitable

Revolutionary leader: Vladmir Lenin (pp. 28-9) Complete ‘Practicing Paragraph Answers’ question 3

Create this concept map in your workbook on half a page As we go through the next few slides, complete the concept map Leninism was different to Marxism because….

Marxism V Leninism Communism was proposed for industrialised countries – Russia was semi-feudal and agrarian Marx and Engels argued that a classless utopia would occur inevitably, whereas Lenin wished to accelerate the process Marx and Engels did not say how the revolution would occur; Lenin’s suggestions of how Marx and Engels’ ideas \should be interpreted and practiced were called Leninism ‘Leninism’ was presented in his various writings (e.g: ‘What is to be done? (1902), One Step Froward, One step Back (1904), Two Tactic (1905)) and in his famous April Thesis

LENINISM V MARXISM Lenin ultimately wanted to ‘fast-track’ the development of a communist society. Industrialisation was occurring, and consequently so to was capitalism, and Lenin wanted to skip this phase Pattern of development of human society according to Marx: Medieval Society: Feudal system. People bound together through mutual bonds of obligation and protections. Social position through birth right Capitalist society: Feudal societies are challenged by a new class (bourgeoisie) and a new system emerges: Capitalist production in which bourgeoisie control means of productions E.G:Ancien Régime of France: absolutism and the three estates E.G: The world we live in today Communist society: Proletariat overthrows bourgeoisie. Government controls means of production to empower the proletariat, depriving bourgeoisie of its power. E.G: Russia (Soviet Union) between 1917 and 1990

LEARNING INTENTION: Understand the terms ‘Marxism’ and ‘Leninism’, and explain how the differ How did the Industrial Revolution altered society? What is Communism? According to Marx how was Communism inevitable? What are the differences between Leninism and Marxism?