DISASTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE A PILLAR OF DISASTER RESILIENCE Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

The Timely And Intelligent Concentration of a City’s Resources to Meet Extremely Urgent Needs During the Initial Hours, Days, and Weeks After a Natural Hazard Strikes

THE FOCUS: FROM UN—ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY TO INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE

AN INTELLIGENT CITY KNOWS WHAT IS HAPPENING AND WHAT TO DO WHEN PEOPLE, BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE ARE THREATENED

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS NATURAL HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY IENCE FOUR PILLARS OF RESILIENCE

A DISASTER OCCURS WHEN A CITY’S PUBLIC POLICIES ALLOW IT TO BECOME … UN—PREPARED UN—PROTECTED UN—ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY NON—RESILIENT IN THE RECOVERY PHASE

A CITY BECOMES DISASTER RESILIENT WHEN IT IS … PREPARED FOR THE INEVITABLE NATURAL HAZARDS THAT ARE LIKELY TO OCCUR AT THE WRONG TIME AND IN THE WRONG PLACE RELATIVE TO THE CITY’S SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS

A CITY BECOMES DISASTER RESILIENT WHEN … ITS PEOPLE, BUILDINGS, INFRASTRUCTURE, ESSENTIAL AND CRITICAL FACILITIES ARE PROTECTED BY CODES, STANDARDS, ETC AGAINST THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF LIKELY NATURAL HAZARDS

A CITY BECOMES DISASTER RESILIENT WHEN … IT IS ABLE TO: A) RESPOND INTELLIGENTLY IN REAL TIME TO MOVE PEOPLE OUT OF HARM’S WAY, B) MEET THEIR NEEDS IN AN EMERGENCY, AND C) RESTORE THE CITY’S BASIC FUNCTIONS

A CITY BECOMES DISASTER RESILIENT WHEN … IT’S POLICIES NOT ONLY ENABLE IT TO RESIST DISASTERS WITHOUT FAILING, BUT ALSO FACILITATES A QUICK, SUSTAINABLE RECOVERY AFTER THE EMERGENCY PHASE

DISASTER RESILIENCE REQUIRES PUBLIC POLICIES THAT INTEGRATE RESEARCH, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES ON THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE WITH THE CITY’S POLITICAL PROCESS

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT CAN CAUSE DIVERSE EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

CHINA, 2007: FLOODING CREATED EMERGENCY SITU ATIONS When Planet Earth’s water cycle produced too much water for the drainage system to handle, major flooding occurred.

LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN FLOODS INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTER CASE HISTORIES

JAPAN: 2011: TYPHOON ROKE CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS When the water temperatures and atmospheric conditions were right, Typhoon Roke occurred and traveled in the Pacific Ocean.

WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE SEVERE WINDSTORMS SEVERE WINDSTORMS UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS STORM SURGE AND HEAVY PRECIPITATION IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN POOR WORKMANSHIP FAILURE OF NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER CASE HISTORIES

BAM, IRAN; DEC. 26, 2011: THE EARTHQUAKE CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS The earthquake was inevitable, but the disaster was caused when ground shaking interacted with sun-dried, clay brick-construction.

BAM, IRAN; DEC. 26, 2003: CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING ) IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER CASE HISTORIES

THAILAND: DEC. 26, 2004: THE TSUNAMI CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS The tsunami wave generated by the M9.3 earthquake near Banda Ache, Indonesia traversed the entire Indian Ocean.

HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES TSUNAMIS INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FLOODING NO WARNING, OR INADEQUATE WARNING PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER CASE HISTORIES

JAPAN; JAN., 11, 2011: KIRISHIMA’S ERUPTION CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS When ongoing convergence of the Pacific and Eurasian plates reached a critical point, the volcano erupted explos- ively.

PROXIMITY TO LATERAL BLAST VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN PATH OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS IN PATH OF FLYING DEBRIS (TEPHRA) IN PATH OF VOLCANIC ASH (AVIATION) IN PATH OF LAVA AND PYROCLASTIC FLOWS IN PATH OF LAHARS IGNORING WARNING TO EVACUATE CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER CASE HISTORIES

AUSTRALIA, FEB. 2009: WILDFIRES CREATEd EMERGENCY SITUATIONS Wildfires occurred when hot temperatures and dry conditions intersected in Australia.

LIGHTNING STRIKES WILDFIRES MANMADE FIRES PROXIMITY OF URBAN AREA TO THE WILDLAND FIRE WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION (DAY/NIGHT) DRYNESS HIGH TEMPERATURES LOCAL FUEL SUPPLY CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTER DISASTER LABORATORIES

SO. CALIF., 2007: LANDSLIDES CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS When unstable slopes failed after prolonged precipitation, a major landslide occurred.

BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES LANDSLIDES BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS SLOPE FAILURE AFTER HEAVY PRECIPITATION SLOPE FAILURE AFTER GROUND SHAKING CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTERS CASE HISTORIES

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE 1. PREPAREDNESS (HAZARD, VULNERABILITY, AND RISK ASSESSMENTS; PREDICTIONS, FORECASTS AND WARNING; DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIOS; INSURANCE; INTELLIGENT COMMUNITY); …

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE (Continued) 2. PROTECTION (IMPLEMENTATION OF BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS; SITE-SPECIFIC DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR ESSENTIAL AND CRITICAL FACILITIES) …

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE (Continued) 3. EMERGENCY RESPONSE (EVACUATION; MASS CARE; SEARCH AND RESCUE; EMERGENCY MEDICAL; EMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION; LOCAL, REGIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE)…

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE (Continued) 4. RECOVERY (RECONSTRUCTION; LOCAL, REGIONAL, AND GLOBAL BUSINESS RESUMPTION; POST- DISASTER STUDIES FOR PRE- DISASTER PREPAREDNESS)

SUMMARY OF DISASTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE

KEY ELEMENTS OF INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE Communication Evacuation Mass Care Search and Rescue

KEY ELEMENTS OF INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE Emergency Medical Emergency Transportation Local, Regional, and International Assistance