Linguistic Aspects that is Mainly influenced by French language

. is necessarily somewhat speculative, since it is preserved only as a written language. In contrast with Old English and Modern English, Middle English spelling was usually phonetic rather than conventional. That is, words were generally spelled according to how they sounded to the person writing a text down, rather than according to a formalized system that might not accurately represent the way the writer's dialect is pronounced, as Modern English is today.

 The Middle English speech of the city of London in the late 14th century (essentially, the speech of Geoffrey Chaucer ) is used as the standard Middle English dialect in teaching and when specifying "the" grammar or phonology of Middle English

 large lexicon; assimilation of loanwords; variety of vocabulary levels; cosmopolitan language  loans:  French (e.g. uncle, cousin, dinner, supper, university, attorney, religion, enemy, hello, please)  Scandinavian (Norse) (e.g. anger, husband, bull, skin, sky, skill, mistake, weak, awkward, reindeer, steak)

 Latin (apocalypse, purgatory, testament, comprehend, lunatic, temporal)  Low German and Dutch (e.g. halibut, pump, shore, skipper, luck, clock, trade)  Celtic (e.g. bard, clan, crag, glen, loch, bald, hog)  Unknown origin (e.g. big, boy, junk, kidney, lass, puzzle, wallet)

 loss of inflections  loss of grammatical gender  two noun cases: possessive and non-possessive  all adjective inflections lost, loss of weak/strong distinction  verbs: personal endings reduced, mood distinctions blurred  dual/plural distinction lost  change from synthetic to analytic language; reasons: interaction of different inflectional systems in English, French, and Scandinavian; reduction of unstressed final vowels; relative rigidity of word order; increasing use of prepositions and particles  changes more visible in North of England where reduction of inflections began

 adjective before noun (erthely servaunt)  articles: indefinite article (a/an) derived from numeral "one"  isolated possessive marker (the raven is neste)  analytic possessive (of)  group possessive (the Duke's place of Lancastre)

 double possessive (obligacion of myn)  noun adjuncts (perselly rotes, fenell rotes)  negative ne before verb (I nolde fange)  double negatives freely used  prepositions before objects; sometimes followed if object was pronoun (he seyde him to)

GlottalVelarPalat al Postalveol ar Alveolardentallabial (ŋ)nmNasal k g t ʃ d ʒ t dp bstop h(x)(ç) ʃ s zθ ðf vfricative wjrApproxi mant lLateral

Projected by : Ala’a Sahmoud Eman Sahmoud Interduced by : Manahel Al-Ghamdi Norah Al-Doassari

 Asmaa Al

Special thanks to teacher Bahia Khalifa for her guidance and effort