Impact of agriculture, forest and cloud feedback on the surface energy balance in BOREAS Alan K. Betts Atmospheric Research, Pittsford, VT

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Presentation transcript:

Impact of agriculture, forest and cloud feedback on the surface energy balance in BOREAS Alan K. Betts Atmospheric Research, Pittsford, VT Ray Desjardins and Devon Worth Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada CAgM Expert Team Meeting on the Contribution of Agriculture to the State of Climate Ottawa, Canada Sept.27-29, 2004

Outline Agriculture and forest: BOREAS TW aircraft Grass and forest radiative fluxes: Mesonet Surface-BL-cloud-radiation feedback: ERA40

BOREAS – BOReal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study Study Sites for BOREAS

o West o North Canada Agricultural flight track Flight Tracks in the SSA

BOREAS Flight Tracks Agricultural Forested/Old Black Spruce

Laser Altimeter Side-looking video camera Satellite simulator Greeness indicator Gas analyzers (CO 2, H 2 O) Duct pressure, temperature sensors Litton 90 inertial reference system Intake REA system Dat recorder Accelerometers rate gyros Global positioning system antenna Console, keyboard & navigation system controls Dew point sensor Rosemount 858 ( , , airspeed, altitude) Video camera Altitude gyro Radio altimeter Twin Otter Instrumentation

Radiative flux comparison: forest and agriculture

Temperature comparison Similar air T Larger T d, T s over agriculture

Wind and stress comparison

a) Albedo b) Bowen ratio c) CO 2 flux d)Water use efficiency Daily means

Seasonal means a) Roughness Z 0 b) Albedo c) Sensible & latent heat d) Bowen ratio

Radiation balance with and without snow

Seasonal radiation difference Conifer – Grass: R net Mean annual difference = 14 Wm -2 Difference largest in spring

Binned daily means from ERA40 - coupling of surface and cloud fields SW down bins: linear fluxesP LCL bins: cloud dependence

Dependence of BR, cloud albedo, and cloud-base on SW net Less cloud, more SW net, higher cloud-base, higher BR

Dependence of cloud albedo, and radiation fluxes on Bowen Ratio Lower BR, more cloud; reduced R net

Extrapolate impact of BR on cloud albedo? BR: 0.85 to 0.4 R net : 152 to 126 Wm -2 Cloud albedo: 0.22 to 0.35

Conclusions Paired aircraft flux runs provide useful daytime comparison of agriculture and forest Forest has lower albedo: summer by 0.1 [With snow by ] Forest has larger roughness Conifers have longer growing season Agricultural crops: shorter growing season but larger summer peak of E and CO 2 uptake

Surface albedo difference Surface albedo difference gives forests larger R net by 14Wm -2 [annual mean] Snow covered grass and agricultural land have very small R net in winter and early spring because of large albedo

Coupling of BR, cloud-base, cloud fraction and radiative fluxes In fully coupled models, surface evaporation determines cloud-base, cloud fraction, cloud albedo and hence surface SW down Boreal forest to agriculture lowers summer BR Rough estimate: BR change of 0.85 to 0.4 may increase cloud albedo by 0.13 and reduce R net by 26 Wm -1 [Coupled feed-backs need careful analysis]