Introduction To Semantic Web Princess Nora University Net535

Overview What is the Semantic Web? Background Components of the Semantic Web Why the Semantic Web is needed Uses of the Semantic Web Implementing the Semantic Web Examples Conclusion

Web of Today As we know today web is linked many documents made with computer but is intended to humans understanding only !!! Even though the web documents are made with computers, computers can NOT understand the content of these documents. They can't read, see relationships or make decisions like human can. !!! Most of the Search Engines are based on keywords which return not accurate and precise results !!!

What is the Semantic Web? The Semantic Web is "an extended web of machine-readable information and automated services that amplify the Web far beyond current capabilities" (Daconta et al., 2003) A framework that: Adds meaning to data Provides a mechanism for organizing, interpreting, and making use of that meaning Google: Definitions of semantic web on the Web: project of the W3C in which automated methods based on quality metadata are envisaged to replace much human searching of the web. Relies on ontologies, XML and RDF. members.optusnet.com.au/~webindexing/Webbook2Ed/glossary.htm Definition: The Semantic Web is the abstract representation of data on the World Wide Web, based on the RDF standards and other standards to be defined. It is being developed by the W3C, in collaboration with a large number of researchers and industrial partners. 'The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.' -- Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, Ora Lassila, The Semantic Web, Scientific American, May 2001 -- W3C Definition of the Semantic Web www.newsmonster.org/glossary.html The Semantic Web is an extension of the current Web that will allow you to find, share, and combine information more easily. It relies on machine-readable information and metadata expressed in RDF. www.noisebetweenstations.com/personal/essays/metadata_glossary/metadata_glossary.html The Semantic Web is a vision: the idea of having data on the Web defined and linked in a way that it can be used by machines not just for display purposes, but for automation, integration and reuse of data across various applications. In order to make this vision a reality for the Web, supporting standards, technologies and policies must be designed to enable machines to make more sense of the Web, with the result of making the Web more useful for humans. www.geocities.com/pribond/bioinfo/glossary/information.htm The gleam in Tim Berners-Lee's eye for a unified Web without metadata: http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/ wason.home.mindspring.com/TDW/Glossary.htm 2004-06-20 21:18:10 DylanB [Reply | View] The concepts in this series fits with the ideas of the Semantic Web. By using RDF/XML, your XML data gains several automatic advantages: Data model is explicit Avoids limitations in the database design Resultant "triples" can be easily merged Your data can be shared in the Semantic Web Another question that comes up when you think of the problem this way: Is the "hub" (or database) really necessary if you have all the distributed information accessible? These kinds of projects are the perfect places to explore Semantic Web technologies. Cheers www.macdevcenter.com/pub/a/mac/2004/06/18/enterprise_3.html The Semantic Web is an idea of WWW inventor Tim Berners-Lee that the Web as a whole can be made more intelligent and perhaps even intuitive about how to serve a user's needs. Berners-Lee observes that although search engines index much of the Web's content, they have little ability to select the pages that a user really wants or needs. He foresees a number of ways in which developers and authors can use self-descriptions and other techniques so that context-understanding programs can selectively find what users want. eec.lboro.ac.uk/learningtech/stoz.htm Another knowledge representation scheme from AI, the semantic network (Brachman, 1977; Shastri, 1988; Sowa, 1991), is based on similar nets of interdependent concepts, but here the dependencies are classified into distinct types with specific interpretations. For example, different types of relations might specify that a concept a "causes" another concept b, that a "is a part of" b, or that a "is a special case of" b. The motivation underlying semantic networks is that concepts get their meaning through the semantic relations they have with other concepts. This is similar to the bootstrapping philosophy underlying entailments meshes and entailment nets framework.v2.nl/archive/archive/node/text/default.xslt/nodenr-156647 The web of data with meaning in the sense that a computer program can learn enough about what it means to process it. www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Glossary.html The Semantic Web is a project that intends to create a universal medium for information exchange by giving meaning (semantics), in a manner understandable by machines, to the content of documents on the Web. Currently under the direction of its creator, Tim Berners-Lee of the World Wide Web Consortium, the Semantic Web extends the ability of the World Wide Web through the use of standards, markup languages and related processing tools. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web

Semantic means the study of the meaning Semantic Web Semantic means the study of the meaning “The Semantic Web is a major research initiative of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to create a metadata-rich Web of resources that can describe themselves not only by how they should be displayed (HTML) or syntactically (XML), but also by the meaning of the metadata.” W3C Semantic Web Page An enhancement to the current Web, not a replacement “The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.” The Semantic Web, Scientific American, May 2001 by Tim Berners-Lee et al

Semantic Web Cont’d The term “Semantic Web” refers to W3C’s vision of the Web of linked data. Semantic Web technologies enable people to create data stores on the Web, build vocabularies, and write rules for handling data. Linked data are empowered by technologies such as RDF, SPARQL, OWL, and SKOS.

So Semantic Web It is a vision for the future Web (a web of meaning — semantics); originally defined by Tim Berners-Lee (aka father of the Web). It is not a separate web, but an extension of the current one. It provides a way for machines to get much better at being able to process and understand the data that they merely display at present. It is a web on which machine reasoning can become ubiquitous and powerful. It describes an emerging set of standards, markup languages, and related processing tools.

Background 1968 – Internet used as a communications network by DOD 1989 – Tim Berners-Lee (and others) at CERN develop HTML Early 1990s – Web browsers created to interpret HTML 1996 – XML developed 1990s+ – Tim Berners-Lee & W3C continue to pursue development the Semantic Web CERN – European Laboratory for Particle Physics http://www.w3.org/XML/hist2002 http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/ http://www.vissing.dk/Internet.History/ihistlist.html

Example Suppose you want to buy a "Star Wars Trilogy" boxed set online, and you have some basic criteria for your purchase. First, you want widescreen, not full-screen, DVDs, and you want the set that has the extra disc of bonus materials. Second, you want the lowest available price, but you'd prefer to buy a new set, not a used one. Finally, you don't want to pay too much for shipping and handling, but you also don't want to wait too long for delivery. At this point in the evolution of the Web, your best bet would be to look at different retailers' web pages, comparing prices and shipping times and rates. You could also look for a site that will compare prices and shipping options from several retailers all at once. Either way, you have to do most of the virtual legwork, then make your buying decision and place your order yourself. With the Semantic Web, you'd have another option. You could enter your preferences into a computerized agent, which would search the Web, find the best option for you, and place your order. The agent could then open personal finance software­ on your computer and record the amount you spent, and it could mark the date your DVDs should arrive on your calendar. Your agent would also learn your habits and preferences, so if you had a bad experience buying from one particular site it would know not to use that site again. (http://computer.howstuffworks.com/semantic-web1.htm/printable) The agent would do this not by looking at pictures and reading descriptions like a person does, but by searching through metadata that clearly identify and define what the agent needs to know. Metadata are simply machine-readable data that describe other data. In the Semantic Web, metadata are invisible as people read the page, but they're clearly visible to computers. Metadata can also allow more complex, focused Web searches with more accurate results. To paraphrase Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, these tools will let the Web -- currently similar to a giant book -- become a giant database.

Why Semantic web cont’d . The agent would do this not by looking at pictures and reading descriptions like a person does, but by searching through metadata that clearly identify and define what the agent needs to know. Metadata are simply machine-readable data that describe other data. In the Semantic Web, metadata are invisible as people read the page, but they're clearly visible to computers. Metadata can also allow more complex, focused Web searches with more accurate results. To paraphrase Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, these tools will let the Web -- currently similar to a giant book become a giant database.

Why the Semantic Web is Needed The current Web remains largely unstructured (e.g., company) Large amounts of information remain unavailable (1) Google search (company -> a business or having people come over)

Semantic Web Purpose Wikipedia describes the purpose of the Semantic Web as follows: Humans are capable of using the Web to carry out tasks such as finding the Arabic word for “cat”, reserving a library book, and searching for a low price on a DVD. However, a computer cannot accomplish the same tasks without human direction because web pages are designed to be read by people, not machines. The semantic web is a vision of information that is understandable by computers, so that they can perform more of the tedious work involved in finding, sharing and combining information on the web.

Components of the Semantic Web Four major components: XML )eXtensible Markup Language) XML is a markup language likehypertext markup language (HTML), which you're probably somewhat familiar with from surfing the Web. HTML governs the appearance of the information you look at on the Web. XML complements (but does not replace) HTML by adding tags that describe data. These tags are invisible to the people who read the document but visible to computers.

Components of the Semantic Web(cont’d) 2. Resource Description Framework (RDF) RDF does exactly what its name indicates -- using XML tags, it provides a framework to describeresources. In RDF terms, pretty much everything in the world is a resource. This framework pairs the resource (any noun, like Anakin Skywalker or the "Star Wars" trilogy) with a specific item or location on the Web so the computer knows exactly what the resource is. Clearly identifying resources keeps the computer from doing things like confusing Anakin Skywalker with Sebastian Shaw or Hayden Christiansen, or the original trilogy with the One-Man "Star Wars" Trilogy.

Components of the Semantic Web(cont’d) 3.Ontologies There are two related tools for helping a computer understand human vocabulary. An ontology is simply a vocabulary that describes objects and how they relate to one another. A schema is a method for organizing information. 4. Agents  read all the metadata found at different sites.

Tying it All Together In our original example, we talked about buying "Star Wars" DVDs online. Here's how the Semantic Web could make the whole process easier: Each site would have text and pictures (for people to read) and metadata (for computers to read) describing the DVDs available for purchase on their site. The metadata, using RDF and XML tags, would make all the attributes of the DVDs (like condition and price) machine- readable. When necessary, businesses would use ontologies to give the computer the vocabulary needed to describe all of these objects and their attributes. The shopping sites could all use the same ontologies, so all of the metadata would be in a common language. Each site selling the DVDs would also use appropriate security and encryption measures to protect customers' information. Computerized applications or agents would read all the metadata found at different sites. The applications could also compare information, verifying that the sources were accurate and trustworthy.

Semantic Web Technologies Semantic Web data is represented using a technology standard called Resource Description Framework (RDF). RDF is a graph (web-like) structure that links data elements together in a self-describing way

Supplemental Components of the Semantic Web Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) Web services Inference rules Service discovery Semantic aware applications Security and trust XML and RDF schemas http://web.mit.edu/hotmetal_v2.0/www/Chapter14.html URI Uniform Resource Identifier. This is a generic name for any of a class of ways of identifying resources on the Internet. Three types of URIs are URCs (Uniform Resource Classification), URLs (see the next entry), and URNs (Uniform Resource Name). Implementations of URCs and URNs are still in an experimental stage. The basic idea is that a resource (e.g., a document) is identified by a URN, a kind of `public identifier' in the SGML sense. The URN is resolved into a URC, which is a collection of information about the resource (it could include, for example, the price of obtaining the resource, and one or more URLs). URL Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is the address of a file, written in a format that can be interpreted by a Web server, which then retrieves the file. A URL consists of a filename and, usually, a scheme that tells how the file is to be retrieved. For most files on Web servers, the scheme http is used.

Semantic Web technology stack as a framework (the Semantic Web layer cake) At the bottom we find XML, a language that lets one write structured Web documents with a user-defined vocabulary. XML is particularly suitable for sending documents across the Web. RDF is a basic data model, like the entity-relationship model, for writing simple statements about Web objects (resources). The RDF data model does not rely on XML, but RDF has an XML-based syntax. Therefore, it is located on top of the XML layer. RDF Schema provides modeling primitives for organizing Web objects into hierarchies. Key primitives are classes and properties subclass and sub-property relationships, and domain and range restrictions. RDF Schema is based on RDF RDF Schema can be viewed as a primitive language for writing ontologies But there is a need for more powerful ontology languages that expand RDF Schema and allow the representations of more complex relationships between Web objects. The Logic layer is used to enhance the ontology language further and to allow the writing of application-specific declarative knowledge The Proof layer involves the actual deductive process as well as the representation of proofs in Web languages (from lower levels) and proof validation Finally, the Trust layer will emerge through the use of digital signatures and other kinds of knowledge, based on recommendations by trusted agents or on rating and certification agencies and consumer bodies. Sometimes “Web of Trust” is used to indicate that trust will be organized in the same distributed and chaotic way as the WWW itself.

Semantic Web Foundations URI/IRI: URI is an acronym for Uniform Resource Identifier; a compact string of characters used to identify or name a resource. The URL to a web site (e.g. http://www.semanticfocus.com) is a popular example of a URI. IRI is an acronym for Internationalized Resource Identifier which is a form of URI that uses characters beyond ASCII, thus becoming more useful in an international context. Unicode :Unicode is the universal standard encoding system and provides a unified system for representing textual data. 1 million characters can be encoded to specify any character in any language without a single escape sequence or control code. Before Unicode, there were several different encoding systems which made communication and integration across borders a big pain. (semanticfocus.com)

Semantic Web Foundations Cont’d XML: XML is an acronym for Extensible Markup Language. With XML, we have a standard way to compose information so that it can be more easily shared. At the same time, it still affords the freedom to structure that information however the heck we want. It's kind of like HTML - only, you get to make up your own tags and attributes. How cool is that? Namespaces: Namespaces (aka XML Namespaces) are integral to XML. Namespaces provide a means to qualify the tags and attributes in an XML document with URIs which then makes them truly unique on the Web and thus, universal (among other things). (semanticfocus.com)

Semantic Web Foundations Cont’d XML Schema XML Schema describes the structure of XML documents just like DTDs, only better. An XML Schema is known as an XML Schema Definition (XSD). Basically, if you're going to use XML to invent your own document structures, XSD provides the way to define your rules (like guidelines) so that people and machines can understand them, adhere to them, and integrate with them. XML Query XML Query (aka XQuery) is a standardized language for combining documents, databases, Web pages and almost anything else. It is very widely implemented, powerful, and easy to learn. XQuery is replacing proprietary middleware languages and Web Application development languages. XQuery is replacing complex Java or C++ programs with a few lines of code. (semanticfocus.com)

Semantic Web Foundations Cont’d RDF is a common framework for describing resources. It is primarily intended to represent metadata that can be parsed and processed by machines rather than just displayed to people. While the resources it describes may be content or services that exist on the Web, they don't have to be; they can be real-world objects like you and I. Anything with identity can be described in RDF and, in this sense, RDF is a good candidate for recording and sharing knowledge on the Web With RDF, we can model information by describing concepts in a way that is consistent enough for machines to process uniformly. (semanticfocus.com) With RDF, we can model information by describing concepts in a way that is consistent enough for machines to process uniformly. At the same time, we are able to describe any concepts that exist and in all the different ways that we prefer to conceptualize them. In RDF, we do this in much the same way we would when describing something to another person: we make statements about the thing. In RDF, we make statements about things. At its most basic level, RDF simply gives us a way to describe things in terms of properties and property values. Take the following natural language statement, for example: "John Doe is a person." John Doe has the property or characteristic of being a person. In RDF, the grammar of such a statement is much like the grammar of a sentence in the English language; it forms a recognized pattern: <Subject><Predicate><Object> John Doe The thing the statement is about, so it is the subject. is a Identifies a property or characteristic of the subject, so it is the predicate. person The value of the property identified by the predicate, so it is the object.

Semantic Web Foundations Cont’d Ontology formally represents knowledge as a set of concepts within a domain, and the relationships among those concepts. It can be used to reason about the entities within that domain and may be used to describe the domain. In theory, an ontology is a "formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization".[1] An ontology renders shared vocabulary and taxonomy which models a domain with the definition of objects and/or concepts and their properties and relations (wikipedia.org)

Ontologies “the common words and concepts (the meaning) used to describe and represent an area of knowledge" (Daconta et al., 2003) Provide the repositories for meaning interpretations Provide a mechanism for defining the relationship among different words and for the Semantic Web, relationships among different resources

Ontologies (cont) Consist of: Used to organize semantics Taxonomies “An organized set of terms.” (McComb, 2004) A classification and a tree (Daconta et al., 2003) Hierarchal, tree-like structures similar to organizational charts Example Sets of inference rules Used to organize semantics Next

Taxonomy Example Back

Agents Also known as software agents Provide automation services Should not be designed to replace humans or to make decisions Examples: Web spiders and crawlers Automation - Run automatically without direct human intervention to accomplish a user-defined goal or task, or a human can task them to perform a specific user-defined goal or task (3) Should enhance the collection and organization of information, and to "present choices for the users to select from" (Antoniou & van Harmelen, 2004)

Agent (Cont) scenario illustrates functionalities that can be implemented based on Semantic Web technologies The following scenario illustrates functionalities that can be implemented based on Semantic Web technologies. Michael had just had a minor car accident and was feeling some neck pain. His primary care physician suggested a series of physical therapy sessions. Michael asked his Semantic Web agent to work out some possibilities. The agent retrieved details of the recommended therapy from the doctor’s agent and looked up the list of therapists maintained by Michael’s health insurance company. The agent checked for those located within a radius of 10 km from Michael’s office or home, and looked up their reputation according to trusted rating services. Then it tried to match available appointment times with Michael’s calendar. In a few minutes the agent returned two proposals. Unfortunately, Michael was not happy with either of them. One therapist had offered appointments in two weeks’ time; for the other Michael would have to drive during rush hour. Therefore, Michael decided to set stricter time constraints and asked the agent to try again. time constraints and asked the agent to try again

Supplemental Components of the Semantic Web Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) Provide a mechanism for identifying available resources The super-set of URNs, URLs and URCs Web services Allow computer applications to communicate directly with each other over the Internet Inference rules Define the relationships and rules between data http://www.w3.org/TR/uri-clarification/ a URL is a type of URI that identifies a resource via a representation of its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location"), rather than by some other attributes it may have. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt A URI can be further classified as a locator, a name, or both. The term "Uniform Resource Locator" (URL) refers to the subset of URI that identify resources via a representation of their primary access mechanism (e.g., their network "location"), rather than identifying the resource by name or by some other attribute(s) of that resource. The term "Uniform Resource Name" (URN) refers to the subset of URI that are required to remain globally unique and persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable. URLs are a subset of URIs http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=define%3A+uri Uniform Resource Identifier - URIs have been known by many names: WWW addresses, Universal Document Identifiers, Universal Resource Identifiers, and finally the combination of Uniform Resource Locators (URL) and Names (URN). As far as HTTP is concerned, Uniform Resource Identifiers are simply formatted strings that identify - via name, location, or any other characteristic - a resource. www.drummondgroup.com/html-v2/glossary.html Uniform Resource Identifier. This is a generic name for any of a class of ways of identifying resources on the Internet. Three types of URIs are URCs (Uniform Resource Classification), URLs (see the next entry), and URNs (Uniform Resource Name). Implementations of URCs and URNs are still in an experimental stage. The basic idea is that a resource (eg, a document) is identified by a URN, a kind of `public identifier' in the SGML sense. The URN is resolved into a URC, which is a collection of information about the resource (it could include, for example, the price of obtaining web.mit.edu/hotmetal_v2.0/www/Chapter14.html (Uniform Resource Identifier) An address for s resource available on the Internet. home.att.ne.jp/delta/sskn/internet_glossary2.html A Universal Resource Identifier is a formatted string that serves as an identifier for a resource, typically on the Internet. URIs are used in HTML to identify the destination of hyperlinks. URIs in common practice include Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)[URL] and Relative URLs[RELURL]. www.tac.nyc.ny.us/manuals/html/html-spec_9.html Uniform Resource Identifier. piper.ntua.gr/reports/studyweb/glossary.htm Uniform Resource Identifier, the W3C's codification of the name and address syntax of present and future objects on the Internet. In its most basic form, a URI consists of a scheme name (such as file, http, ftp, news, mailto, gopher) followed by a colon, followed by a path whose nature is determined by the scheme that precedes it (see RFC 1630). URI is the umbrella term for URNs, URLs, and all other Uniform Resource Identifiers. www.faqs.org/docs/docbook/html/dbgloss.html Universal Resource Identifier - an address of some sort. See IETF URI-WG and the W3.org. dli.grainger.uiuc.edu/glossary.htm Uniform Resource Identifiers http://www.acl.lanl.gov/URI/uri.html www.cordis.lu/libraries/en/metadata/glossary.html Universal Resource Identifier - Either a URL or a URN. A URI is a way of identifying content in the web, whether it be a page of text, a video or sound clip, an image, or a program. orworld.uni-paderborn.de/downloads/glossary/glossary.html Upper respiratory infection. Medical term for a "cold". asthma.bsd.uchicago.edu/AboutAsthma/AAGlossaryM.html ): unique identifier of the location of a resource. In many cases the URI will be a URL (that is, a website address, for example: http://www.aussi.org). members.optusnet.com.au/~webindexing/Webbook2Ed/glossary.htm Unique resource identifier. The name of the object or resource requested by the user. This is usually a path name specifying a file. For HTTP this is the portion of a URL after the domain name (and port number if there is one). www.summary.net/manual/glossary.html An identifier (3) specification "any resource" on the Internet. A DOI is a URI, and hence the DOI System forms an identifier (4) system which implements the URI specification. www.doi.org/handbook_2000/glossary.html Term used to collectively refer to URLs, URNs, and URCs. memory.loc.gov/ammem/techdocs/repository/gengloss.html (Uniform Resource Identifiers) The new tehnology for addressing documents on the Web. inf1.pefri.hr/kolegiji/mr/glossary.htm A string of characters that represents the location or address of a resource on the Internet and how that resource should be accessed. A URI is a superset of the Uniform Resource Locator. [San Diego State University] www.ichnet.org/glossary.htm (Uniform Resource Identifier) The super-set of URNs, URLs and URCs. URI is the way you identify any of the components of web content, whether it be a page of text, a video or sound clip, a still or animated image, or a program. The most common form of URI is the Web page address, which is a particular form or subset of URI called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). www.education.tas.gov.au/wiseweb/appendices/glossary.htm Universal Resource Indentifier (commonly referred to as a "URL," the "URI" is the official acronym). The address of an internet web site. www.inter-corporate.com/kb/devnotes/glossary.html Universal Resource Identifiers. Available by anonymous FTP as Postscript (www.w3.org/pub/www/doc/url.ps) or text (www.w3.org/pub/www/doc/url.txt) www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/terms.html a set of related standards for encoding resource location and identification information for electronic and other objects. Examples include Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) and Uniform Resource Names (URNs). www.gils.net/gilsappb.html Upper respiratory tract infection. www.hardydiagnostics.com/Glossary-U.html Universal Resource Identifier used to label Web objects. A URI doesn't imply anything about the properties of an object such as its name and/or address. URLs, URNs, and URCs are the different forms of a URI. archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/mosaic-w/releaseinfo/2.1/WBook_72.html An address for resources available on the Internet, such as websites eg www.qeiicc.co.uk www.qeiicc.co.uk/organising_an_event/it/glossary Uniform Resource Identifier. A compact string of characters for identifying an abstract or physical resource. A URI is either a URL or a URN. URLs and URNs are concrete entities that actually exist; A URI is an abstract superclass. software.allindiansite.com/java/uvjava.html Uniform Resource Identifier - used as addresses for web documents www.naa.gov.au/recordkeeping/rkpubs/recordkeeping_publications_arc/agls_user_manual/further_references.htm (3) Lexico Publishing Group, LLC (2004) defines inference rules as, “a. The act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true. b. The act of reasoning from factual knowledge or evidence.” - Inference rules allow computer applications to arrive at conclusions about the data within the ontology

Supplemental Components of the Semantic Web (cont) Service discovery Allows applications to find ontologies and agents Semantic aware applications Applications that can make use of semantic information Security and trust XML schema Define the structure of XML documents Standardizes the communication between systems RDF schema or OWL Can be used to define the language used in ontologies and RDFs According to Berners-Lee et al. (2001), service discovery is “the process of locating an agent or automated Web-based service that will perform a required function” Service discovery is a mechanism for cataloging and making available various services, as well a mechanism for making known what these services require to operate. IBM's Universal Description, Discover, and Integration (UDDI) Business Registry (http://uddi.ibm.com/ubr/rigistry.html) and Microsoft's UDDI Business Registry (http://uddi.microsoft.com) (3) Digital signatures (5) OWL – formally referred to as Web Ontology Language

Uses of the Semantic Web Improve e-business processes Improve business-to-business (B2B) communication “assist human users in their day-to-day online activities” (Antoniou & van Harmelen, 2004) “build knowledge and understanding from raw data” (Daconta et al., 2003) Improve knowledge management Improve information retrieval Automate tasking Integrate data Maximize customer value and profits Integrate data – internally and externally

Implementing the Semantic Web Convert data to XML format according to defined XML schemas Expose applications as Web services Build ontologies that specify semantic meanings and the relationships between data Create agents that make use of the semantic data, automate search processes, and automate other business processes

Issues Concerned with Implementing the Semantic Web Cost Security Nonstandard technology issues Semantic precision

Examples http://www.foaf-project.org/ http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~hendler/ http://www.mindswap.org/ http://www.daml.ri.cmu.edu/ http://www.semanticwebsearch.com/query/ Foaf -> Getting started -> Namespace document -> click on Introduction to see example http://rdfweb.org/mt/foaflog/archives/2003/07/28/12.46.56/index.html FOAF is all about creating and using machine-readable homepages that describe people, the links between them and the things they create and do. http://www.daml.ri.cmu.edu/Cal/ The agent assists in organising and scheduling meetings between several individuals, and coordinates these based on existing schedules maintained by MS Outlook.