When a person has lost their sight to a damaged retina there is now technology that allows them to see again. By means of a chip which sends electrical signals to the optic nerve. They then have their sight partially restored. Presented by: Andrew Gustafson Cody Bjornson EE April, 2014

 How the eye works  Blindness  Argus  Bio-retina  Other Solutions  Summary  Key Concepts

 Light enters through Cornea  Lens Adjusts  Photoreceptors ◦ Cones ◦ Rods  Electrical Impulse  Optic Nerve  Brain interprets

 Cataracts ◦ cloudy lens  Glaucoma ◦ fluid buildup  Macular Degeneration ◦ damage to cones  Diabetic Retinopathy ◦ damage to blood vessels of retina  Retina Pigmentosa ◦ loss of peripheral

 Argus Retinal Prosthesis System  Developed by Second Sight Inc. ◦ Company launched in 1998 ◦ Robert Greenberg ◦ Hired Engineers fresh out of school  Argus I ◦ 2002 ◦ 4x4 electrodes

 Argus II ◦ Developed 2006 ◦ Approved 2011 European Union ◦ FDA Approved August 2013 ◦ 1mm x 1mm ◦ 6x10 electrodes ◦ Black and White ◦ 20/1260 vision ◦ Next step 256 electrode

 How it works Camera->VPU->Antenna ->Receiver->Electrode ->Optic Nerve->Brain

 Pros ◦ FDA Approved ◦ Upgradable external Hardware ◦ Software Updates  Cons ◦ Turn head to move camera ◦ External Equipment ◦ 20/1260 vision ◦ 20 degree max line of sight

 Bio-Retina – Functional Level Artificial Retina  Developed by Nano-Retina ◦ Founded in 2009 ◦ Based in Israel  Procedure costs $60,000 and 30 minutes

 Utilizes a 3 x 4 mm integrated circuit ◦ Photodetectors ◦ Microelectrodes ◦ Microelectronic circuitry  24 x 24 resolution image ◦ 576 pixels and electrodes  Powered using a single photovoltaic cell ◦ Produces 3 mW ◦ IR beam is shot at the cell

 How it works ◦ Identical to regular process ◦ Computer does the work ◦ Glasses charge the implant

 Pros ◦ Less expensive ◦ Short procedure ◦ Local anesthetic ◦ Better resolution ◦ Minimalistic ◦ Regular field of view  Cons ◦ Upgrading ◦ Not yet in clinical trials ◦ T-800

 Stem Cells  Gene Therapy  Drug Therapy

 How the eye works  Blindness  Argus  Bio-retina  Other Solutions

 Anthony, Sebastian. "The laser-powered bionic eye that gives 576-pixel grayscale vision to the blind."ExtremeTech.com. Ziff Davis, LLC, 12 July Web. 24 Apr  "How the Artificial Retina Works." Artificial Retina Project. N.p., 8 Jan Web. 25 Apr  "How Your Eyes Work." How Your Eyes Work. American Optometric Association, n.d. Web. 25 Apr  "Mission." Second Sight. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr  "Leading Causes of Blindness." NIH MedlinePlus 3 (): Print.  Puiu, Tibi. "Argus 2 bionic eye implant to receive firmware update." ZME Science. N.p., 8 Aug Web. 25 Apr  Strick, Eliza. "How Would You Like Your Bionic Vision?." IEEE Spectrum. N.p., 13 Jan Web. 25 Apr  "What is Retinitis Pigmentosa." Foundation Fighting Blindess. N.p., n.d. Web...  White, Ronald. "Bionic eye maker has vision of the future." LAtimes. N.p., 27 Apr Web. 25 Apr

 Eye works by taking in light and using light- sensitive cells to turn light into electrical impulses  Argus uses an external camera to produce a picture which is transmitted to the eye wirelessly  Argus is powered through the same antenna  Bio-Retina implant uses natural process to produce sight  Battery powered glasses charge the voltaic cell of the Bio-Retina